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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a range?
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extensive un-forested lands
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what are the characteristics of a Range?
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low precipitation
shrubby vegetation climatic extremes variable soils diverse topography |
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What landscapes are considered rangeland?
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prarie, plains, grassland, shrubland, savanna, steppe, desert, seme-desert, sward, tundra, alpine
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rangeland can include:
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forest (canopy cover <50%)
woodland (5-50% canopy cover) alpine meadows within forests |
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how much of global area is rangeland?
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44%
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how much of US surface area is in range lands?
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1/3
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How many bison in US?
How many pronghorn aantelope? |
60 million bison
40 million pronghorn |
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When was the rapid decline in range land wildlife?
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1810-1880
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when was the increase in cattle and sheep on western range land?
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1860s-1885
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Why was there an increase in sheep and cattle on range land?
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post civil war soldiers
European investors cheap land trans-continental railroad |
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What caused the livestock boom to drop?
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Series of severe winters and extended droughts shifted to private ranches
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How did ranchers take control over public grazing land?
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purchased and fenced areas around water sources
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how does increased grazing lead to higher risk of drought?
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grazed riparian zones erode into deep gullies, lowering water table
Overgrazed uplands result in decreased filterization and increased runoff |
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A 1936 survey said how much of range was severely depleted?
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58%
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how much is an AUM?
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Animal Unit Month: one cow/calf pair, for 1 month or 5 sheep for 1 month
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What set up fees and permits for grazing on public lands?
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Taylor Grazing Act 1934
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What is the current AUM fee?
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$1.35
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Who sets the AUM fees and restricts permits?
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BLM/ FS
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How many permittees and AUMS:
1991? 2000? |
1991: 19,000 Permittees, 10.1 million AUM
2000: 7500 permittees, 8 million AUM |
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How much are private grazing fee AUMs?
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$10-15 / AUM
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What are the benefits of private grazing?
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Offer more amenities (water, access)
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How do groups try to stop public land grazing?
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purchasing permits and retiring them
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What are current grazing study techniques?
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allowing grazing on small areas for shorter period of time, and then resting the area for a long period of time
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What was the previous technique to grazing?
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place animals on the range at beginning of season and round them up at end of season
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What was the con of previous technique of grazing?
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riparian damage, cows congregate near water because of water needs
invasive plants deplete plant resources |
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What are potential uses of grazing in vegetation management?
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goats used to control ivy
reduce tree/shrub competitors reduce fire fuels |
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What is the alternative to grazing?
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feed lots
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How much of national beef is produced on public land?
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2% (80-90% in small local western communities)
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What is silviculture?
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the art and science of managing a forest to achieve desired goals and objectives
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What are some silviculture goals?
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harvest methods
site preparation planting/regeneration thinning fire management pruning fertilization insect/disease management |
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biggest obstacle in silviculture?
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incredibly intertwined populations and unseen impacts
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biggest tool in silviculture?
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harvesting mature trees which have the largest direct impact on site environment
temperature, light, moisture, nutrients |
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What is a stand?
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more or less uniform group of trees that you can manage as a single unit
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primary silvicutural systems focus on what?
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reproduction
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How can silviculture be used to focus on reproduction?
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altering existing forest community
altering surface of forest floor/soil provide sources of reproduction |
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What are the different harvesting systems? (7)
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alter existing forest community
remove all trees-a few trees clear cut seed tree method shelterwood group select single tree select |
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Even aged stands promote which trees?
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shade intolerant
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uneven aged stands favors what trees?
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intermediate to shade tolerant
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What are the changes after harvesting?
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light to forest floor
temperature extremes increase moisture lower at surface, but higher lower in soil |
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what is site preparation? |
modification of the forest floor and soil following harvest to encourage regeneration |
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what are two types of regeneration?
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natural (seeding)
artificial (planting) |
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What are reasons for maintenence?
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thinning,
disease/insect pruning improvement cuts |
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What are outputs of ecosystem management? (4)
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(timber may be primary or incidental)
wildlife water recreation aesthetics other ecosystem services |
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What are the Forest Certifications?
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FSC: Forest Stewardship Council
SFI: Sustainable Forestry Initiative |
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What are the three kinds of fire regimes?
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infrequent catastrophic fire
frequent low intensity fire mixed-severity fire |
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Fire is...
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self sustaining rapid oxidation exothermic chemical reaction
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minimum temp to maintain combustion of fire:
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350 C
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Western US: How many fires started by lightning? How many nationwide? How much area burned?
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58% in western, 11% elsewhere, 48% burned
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Factors affecting fire behavior:
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heat, humidity, fuel type, fuel load, slope, aspect, wind
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Three different types of fire:
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ground fire
surface fire (head fire, back fire) crown fire |
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What does fire affect? (5)
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species composition, age class distribution, size distribution, density, and wildlife habitat.
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Risks of fire as a tool:
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smoke hazard, potential escape
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risks of not using fire as a tool:
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fuel buildups
species changes increased costs |
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What are handtools used in direct attack on fire?
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chainsaws, pulaskis, mcclouds, shovels, fire rakes, flappers, backpack sprayers
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heavy equipment used in direct attack on fire?
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bulldozers, plows
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aerial attack in direct attack on fire?
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helicopters, spotter planes, bombers, airliners
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indirect attack methods for fighting fire:
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hand tools, heavy equipment, fire starting equipment (fusees, pressure torches, ping pong balls with flammable chemicals, drip torches)
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What are the four major classes or categories of benefits received from forested lands? |
-Recreation -Wood -Wildlife -Spiritual/Aesthetic |
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List three major structural wood products derived from solid wood or chunks of wood |
-lumber
-plywood -particle board |
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list 3 examples of pulp-based commercial products |
-cardboard -paper -tissue |
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List 3 reasons why we still favor wood for residential home construction: |
-workability/tradition -it's prettier -cheaper energy costs |
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What are wood characteristics you look for when choosing wood for cabinets? |
-Aesthetics -Strength |
