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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal range that blood glucose is maintained within (in mmol/L)?
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4-8 mmol/L
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Glycogen synthesis is stimulated by insulin T/F
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T
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Where is insulin secreted from?
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Pancreatic beta-islet cells (done so in the fed state)
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Glycogenolysis (read carefully) is stimulated by which hormone?
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Glucagon
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From which type of cell is glucagon secreted?
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alpha islet cells of the pancreas (glucagon release takes place in the *fasting* state, when the GLUCose is GONe!)
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Aside from glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis, what else does?
Think! |
Adrenaline, which is secreted by the adrenal gland in response to fear or fright
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In the fed state, liver and muscle take up more glucose than is needed for glycolysis for ATP formation T/F
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T
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Which enzyme is mainly responsible for controlling glycolysis?
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Phosphofructokinase (it is inhibited by ATP)
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What inhibits hexokinase? Why is this important?
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Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase (i.e. the product of hexokinase)
Presume in this way, a negative feedback loop is maintained |
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For glycogen synthesis to occur, there must be a pre-existing glycogen molecule - a glycogen primer. The base for this primer is a small protein called...
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Glycogenenin - this becomes glycosylated on a specific tyrosine residue. Other glucosyl residues can then be added to this molecule by glycogen synthase
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What is produced when glycogen is broken down (specifically)?
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Glucose-1-phosphate (if the fate of this glucose is to be used in respiration, isomerase must act on it to convert it to glucose-6-phosphate)
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What is the building block of glycogen?
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Glucose-1-phosphate
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When glucose is needed for respiration, glycogen is broken down. However, the product of broken down glycogen (catalyst: glycogen phosphorylase) is glucose-1-phosphate.
Which enzyme catalyses the change of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate? |
Isomerase
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What is the function of glycogen phosphorylase?
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Breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate
NB this is at alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds 1-6 glucosidase hydrolyses the alpha 1-6 bonds, releasing glucose |
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Which enzyme is responsible for the build up of glycogen from UDP-glucose (revise if you don't know what this is)
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Glycogen synthase
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What is the function of 1-6 glucosidase?
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It breaks down glycogen but at the alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds! It release GLUCOSE (no phosphate malarky here)
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What is the use of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver?
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When glycogen is broken down (glycogen is stored in the liver) it breaks down to glucose-1-phosphate
G1P is then converted to G6P by the enzyme isomerase IN THE LIVER ONLY, glucose-6-phosphatase converts G6P to glucose, which can then be exported from the liver Presume this would happen due to the effects of glucagon |
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Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type I) commonly has juvenile onset T/F
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F
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Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II) commonly does not have juvenile onset T/F
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T
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There is a normal or high secretion of insulin in type I diabetes T/F
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FALSE!! That's type II!
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Resistance of tissues to insulin action is associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II) T/F
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T
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A substance that causes another substance to be secreted.
One example is gastrin, which stimulates the H/K ATPase in the parietal cells |
A secretagogue (also can be used in type II diabetes)
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What is a secretagogue?
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A substance that causes another substance to be secreted.
One example is gastrin, which stimulates the H/K ATPase in the parietal cells |
