Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How much, as a percentage, does carbohydrate provide of energy intake?
Hint: carbohydr8 |
48% (35% from starch, 13% from mono and disaccharides)
(hydr has 4 letters, then the 8, so 48%) |
|
|
The extent to which a test dose of carbohydrate increases blood glucose compared with an equivalent amount of glucose from a reference carbohydrate (e.g. bread/potato)
|
Glycaemic index
|
|
|
What is the glycaemic index?
|
The extent to which a test dose of carbohydrate increases blood glucose compared with an equivalent amount of glucose from a reference carbohydrate (e.g. bread/potato)
|
|
|
Why enzyme hydrolyses starch?
|
Amylase
|
|
|
Where is amylase released?
|
Saliva and pancreatic juice
|
|
|
What molecules does hydrolysis of starch yield?
|
Glucose
Maltose (two units of glucose) Isomaltose (maltose, but with a α-(1-6)-linkage instead of the α-(1-4)-linkage) |
|
|
What is isomaltose?
|
Maltose, but with a α-(1-6)-linkage instead of the α-(1-4)-linkage
|
|
|
'Maltose, but with a α-(1-6)-linkage instead of the α-(1-4)-linkage' Is known as...
|
Isomaltose
|
|
|
What are the three classifications of dietary starches?
|
Rapidly digested
Slowly digested Resistant starch |
|
|
Rapidly digested starch has a low glycaemic index T/F
|
F
|
|
|
Maltose is composed of...
|
Glucose and glucose!
|
|
|
Lactose is composed of...
|
Glucose and galactose
|
|
|
Trehalose (rare! Mushrooms and locusts) is composed of...
|
Glucose and glucose (strange α,α-1,1 glycosidic bond)
|
|
|
Sucrose is composed of...
|
Fructose and glucose
|
|
|
'Remains of plant cell walls, resistant to digestion' describes...
|
Dietary fibre
|
|
|
Dietary fibre is resistant to digestion T/F
|
T
|
|
|
NSPs increase the bulk of food. What effect might this have wrt satiety? Why is this effect important?
|
Greater satiety. May be useful in control of obesity
|
|
|
Insoluble NSPs increase bulk and hardness of faeces T/F
|
F, increase bulk but *decrease* hardness
|
|
|
Low NSP intake may be a factor in diverticular disease of the colon T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Low NSP intake may be a factor in haemorrhoids T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Low NSP intake may be a factor in varicose veins T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Hexokinase has a high Km T/F
|
F
|
|
|
Where are the only two places glucokinase is found?
|
Liver and beta-islet cells of the pancreas
|
|
|
Glucokinase has a high Km T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Glucokinase is specific for glucose T/F
|
T (think of the name- GLUCO kinase for glucose, HEXO kinase, presumably for many hexo-sugars)
|
|
|
Insulin can stimulate fatty acid synthesis T/F
|
T
|
|
|
What is the initial substrate for glycolysis?
|
Glucose-6-phosphate
|
|
|
Which enzymes catalyse formation of glucose-6-phosphate?
|
Hexokinase (all around the body, presume)
Glucokinase (liver) |
|
|
Which enzyme is responsible for catalysing the reaction whereby glucose is removed from glycogen
|
Glycogen phosphorylase
|
|
|
Erythryocytes lack mitochondria T/F
|
T
|
|
|
The pryruvate produced by glycolysis then enters the mitochondria T/F
|
T (some exceptions in anaerobic respiration)
|
|
|
The pentose phosphate pathway is the only source of NADPH in RBCs T/F
|
T
|
|
|
What enzyme is affected for people with favism?
|
A lack of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
Reduction of GSSG back to GSH required NADPH T/F
|
T
Props if you understand this! |
|
|
People with favism cannot form NADPH in red cells T/F
|
T
|
|
|
In favism, why are only RBCs affected?
|
Other tissues have mitochondrial enzymes which can provide a supply of NADPH. RBCs have no mitochondria
|
|
|
What effect does favism (an X-linked condition) have in females?
|
Resistance to malaria
|
|
|
What are the two main types of favism?
|
Moderately severe and severe
|
|
|
Which type of favism is often found among people of Afro-Caribbean descent?
|
Moderately severe favism (protects against malaria)
|
|
|
Which type of favism is often found among people of mediterranean descent?
|
Severe favism
|
|
|
IgM is a defence mechanism in the GI tract T/F
|
F, IgA (it can be secreted)
|
|
|
E.coli, contrary to popular belief, does not actually cause diarrhoea T/F
|
F!
1641020311 |
|
|
Enterotoxic E. coli destroys the brush border T/F
|
F - enteropathogenic E.coli does that
|
|
|
Which strain of E. coli produces toxins resembling those of Vibrio cholerae?
|
enterotoxic (ETEC) strains
|
|
|
Which strain of E.coli causes dysentery-like illness?
|
Enteroinvasive (EIEC) strains
|
|
|
This strain of E.coli causes haemolytic uraemic syndrome (O157)
|
Verotoxigenic (EHEC) strains
|
|
|
What disease do Shigella spp. cause?
|
Dysentery
|
|
|
S. sonnei is common in the UK T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Which diseases do Salmonella spp. cause?
|
Enteric fever and food poisoning
|
|
|
Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, involving both the stomach and the small intestine and resulting in acute diarrhea and vomiting.
|
Gastroenteritis
|
|
|
What is gastroenteritis?
|
Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, involving both the stomach and the small intestine and resulting in acute diarrhea and vomiting.
|
|
|
What is the name of the bacteria that causes the most number of cases of gastroenteritis in the UK?
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
|
Which antibiotics can be used to treat Campylobacter jejuni?
|
Erythromycin or ciprofloxacin
|
|
|
V. cholera causes cholera T/F
|
T
|
|
|
This pathogen causes peptic and duodenal ulcers
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
This bacteria lives in or below the mucous layer in the gut
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
This pathogen is treated with triple therapy (proton pump inhibitor, amoxycillin, metronidazole/clarithromycin)
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
