Fni241 Final Exam 2Nd Half

Front 1

when is adiposity rebound lowest?

Back 1

BMI is lowest from ages 4-6 years

Front 2

what is adiposity or BMI rebound?

Back 2

rebound—normal increase in BMI that occurs after BMI declines

Front 3

what happens to resting energy expenditure while viewing TV?

Back 3

resting expenditure decreases

Front 4

what is the recommended limit to screen time?

Back 4

2 hours/day

Front 5

what percent of children ages 2-5 are overweight (BMI/age ≥95%)?

Back 5

10.4%

Front 6

what percent of children ages 2-5 are at risk for becoming overweight (BMI/age ≥ 85%-95%)?

Back 6

20.6%

Front 7

which weight reduction surgery method is most common?

Back 7

Roux-En-Y

Front 8

is Roux-En-Y surgery reversible?

Back 8

No

Front 9

what does Roux-En-Y do?

Back 9

Decreases the amount of food one can eat at a sitting; reduces absorption of nutrients

Front 10

in which surgery method does food bypass most of stomach and first part of small intestine; entering directly into middle of small intestine?

Back 10

Roux-En-Y

Front 11

how big is the stomach after Roux-En-Y surgery?

Back 11

the “pouch” is the size of walnut and can hold 1 oz of food

Front 12

how much food does the stomach normally hold?

Back 12

3 pints

Front 13

does the small intestine get cut in Roux-En-Y surgery?

Back 13

yes

Front 14

where does food go in Roux-En-Y?

Back 14

into the pouch, then directly into the small intestine - bypassing most of the stomach and first section of the small intestine

Front 15

which weight reduction surgery has a complex and multipart procedure?

Back 15

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch

Front 16

how much of the stomach is removed in Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch?

Back 16

80%

Front 17

what does the Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch limit?

Back 17

the amount one can eat and the absorption of nutrients

Front 18

which weight reduction surgery is very risky - generally used for BMI <50

Back 18

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch

Front 19

which weight reduction surgery has a valve that releases food into the small intestine and small portion of the small intestine that connects to the stomach?

Back 19

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch

Front 20

which weight reduction surgery bypasses the majority of intestine by connecting the end portion of the intestine to the beginning part of the small intestine?

Back 20

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch

Front 21

which weight reduction surgery is one of the more common surgeries, and is reversible?

Back 21

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)

Front 22

which weight reduction surgery may lead to less weight loss and may need to be adjusted?

Back 22

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)

Front 23

which weight reduction surgery has an inflatable band placed around uppermost part of stomach; when inflated acts like a belt—compressing the stomach. Partitions stomach into 2 parts?

Back 23

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)

Front 24

which weight reduction surgery has a small upper pouch to limit the amount of food ingested with a band that can be adjusted to restrict more or less food?

Back 24

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)

Front 25

which weight reduction surgery is also called “stomach stapling"?

Back 25

Vertical banded gastroplasty

Front 26

which weight reduction surgery divides stomach into two parts, restricting how much food can be eaten?

Back 26

Vertical banded gastroplasty

Front 27

which weight reduction surgery has a small upper pouch and empties into lower pouch?

Back 27

Vertical banded gastroplasty

Front 28

which weight reduction surgery does not lead to adequate long term weight loss?

Back 28

Vertical banded gastroplasty

Front 29

which weight reduction surgery is not as popular as other types of surgery?

Back 29

Vertical banded gastroplasty

Front 30

which weight reduction surgery is a newer type of surgery?

Back 30

Sleeve gastrectomy

Front 31

which weight reduction surgery starts with biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch procedure?

Back 31

Sleeve gastrectomy

Front 32

which weight reduction surgery has most of the stomach removed, but the procedure stops there?

Back 32

Sleeve gastrectomy

Front 33

which weight reduction surgery changes the stomach structure to a tube; which restricts absorption of calories?

Back 33

Sleeve gastrectomy

Front 34

which weight reduction surgery is associated with the pyloric valve duodenum?

Back 34

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch

Front 35

If a patient smokes, what should they do to reduce problems during surgery?

Back 35

quit smoking and lose as much weight as possible

Front 36

what is a death during weight reduction surgery related to?

Back 36

usually related to patient’s health problems prior to surgery as a result of obesity (heart, lung disease)

Front 37

is a Pulmonary Embolism a risk that goes with weight reduction surgery?

Back 37

yes

Front 38

is a Gastrointestinal Tract Leak a risk that goes with weight reduction surgery?

Back 38

yes

Front 39

is a Bleeding/Ulcers a risk that goes with weight reduction surgery?

Back 39

yes

Front 40

is Chronic Undernutrition a risk that goes with weight reduction surgery?

Back 40

yes

Front 41

what is Dumping Syndrome?

Back 41

A condition that causes weakness, dizziness, flushing, and nausea, produced by abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach.

Front 42

what is the tanner stage?

Back 42

a scale for secondary sexual characteristics

Front 43

when is the Peak weight gain following linear growth spurt in females?

Back 43

3 to 6 months

Front 44

how many pounds does a female gain every year in adolescence?

Back 44

Gain of ~18.3 pounds per year

Front 45

what happens to the average lean body mass during female adolescence?

Back 45

it increases by 44%

Front 46

how much does body fat increase during female adolescence?

Back 46

120%

Front 47

how much body fat is needed for menarche to occur?

Back 47

17% body fat

Front 48

how much body fat is needed to maintain normal menstrual cycles?

Back 48

25%

Front 49

when is peak weight gain and peak muscle mass accumulation for a male?

Back 49

adolescence

Front 50

how many pounds are gained during peak weight gain during female adolescence?

Back 50

20

Front 51

how much is body fat decreased by during female adolescence?

Back 51

12%

Front 52

how much bone mass is accrued in adolescence for males and females?

Back 52

half

Front 53

what happens when there is a decline of estrogen in women?

Back 53

menopause

Front 54

what kind of fat is increased during menopause?

Back 54

abdominal fat

Front 55

during what stage is there an increase in risk of cardiovascular disease & accelerated loss of bone mass in women?

Back 55

menopause

Front 56

do men gradually lose testosterone and muscle mass levels as they age?

Back 56

yes

Front 57

what percent of daily BMR expenditure is for involuntary processes?

Back 57

60 to 75%

Front 58

what percent is the thermic effect of food (metabolism of food)

Back 58

~10%

Front 59

what measures the heat given off and utilized for the body’s metabolic processes?

Back 59

calorimetry

Front 60

what determines resting energy expenditure?

Back 60

Indirect calorimetry

Front 61

what is used to estimate 24-hour energy expenditure?

Back 61

The respiratory quotient (CO2 / O2)

Front 62

what does the Harris Benedict Equation measure?

Back 62

male and female RMR

Front 63

what is more accurate than Harris-Benedict equation?

Back 63

Miffin-St. Jeor Energy Estimation formula

Front 64

what do americans have to reduce their daily sodium intake to?

Back 64

less than 2300 mg

Front 65

what do persons who are 51 and older, those of any age who are African American or have hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease have to reduce their sodium intake to?

Back 65

1500 mg

Front 66

what percent of calories can be from saturated fats?

Back 66

less than 10%

Front 67

how much dietary cholesterol per day is recommended?

Back 67

less than 300 mg

Front 68

what is the limit on trans fatty acids?

Back 68

as low as possible

Front 69

should refined grain intake be limited?

Back 69

yes

Front 70

what is the recommended limit for alcohol?

Back 70

1/day for women and 2/day for men

Front 71

what does cvd stand for?

Back 71

cardiovascular disease

Front 72

what is metabolic syndrome?

Back 72

a group of risk factors seen in 20-30% of american adults

Front 73

what are metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease

Back 73

metabolic syndrome

Front 74

what is the waist circumference that is a risk factor for men for metabolic syndrome?

Back 74

greater than 102 cm or 40 inches

Front 75

what is the waist circumference that is a risk factor for women for metabolic syndrome?

Back 75

greater than 88 cm or 35 inches

Front 76

at what level is elevated triglycerides a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

Back 76

greater than 150 mg/dL

Front 77

what level of HDL is a risk factor for men for metabolic syndrome?

Back 77

40 mg/dL

Front 78

what level of HDL is a risk factor for women for metabolic syndrome?

Back 78

50 mg/dL

Front 79

what level of blood pressure is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

Back 79

greater than 130/85 mm Hg

Front 80

what level of fasting glucose is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

Back 80

greater than 110 mg/dL

Front 81

how many people are diagnosed with diabeetis?

Back 81

18.8 million

Front 82

how many people are undiagnosed that have diabeetis?

Back 82

7 million

Front 83

how many people have pre-diabeetus?

Back 83

79 million

Front 84

how many new cases were diagnosed with the beetis in 2010?

Back 84

1.9 million

Front 85

in which type of beetis does the body not make insulin, and is associated with children or young adults?

Back 85

type 1

Front 86

in which type of beetis does the body not make enough or respond to insulin, and is associated with fat people?

Back 86

type 2

Front 87

which type of the beetis is found during pregnancy and is related to a carbohydrate intolerance?

Back 87

gestational

Front 88

frequent urination, thirst, hunger, weight loss, fatigue and irritability are symptoms of which type of beetis?

Back 88

type 1

Front 89

which type of beetis has frequent infections of the bladder, gums and skin, slow healing of cuts and bruises, tingling and numbness in the feet/hands, and blurred vision?

Back 89

type 2 beetis

Front 90

what does hyperglycemia mean

Back 90

high blood glucose

Front 91

high blood sugar, increased thirst, and frequent urination are symptoms of what?

Back 91

hyperglycemia

Front 92

what is low blood glucose known as?

Back 92

hypoglycemia

Front 93

shakiness, dizziness, sweating, pale skin, headache, hunger, and sudden moodiness are symptoms of what?

Back 93

hypoglycemia

Front 94

self starvation, weighing less than 85% of normal weight, intense fear oif gaining weight, distorted self image, and loss of menstrual cycle are symptoms of what?

Back 94

anorexia nervosa

Front 95

what percent of anorexia nervosa patients recover?

Back 95

70%

Front 96

what does SNAP stand for?

Back 96

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Front 97

what program gives assistance to those with low or no income, gives families an average of $135 a month, money received is based on number of individuals and children in the home, and is a Federal assistance program Monitored by the USDA

Back 97

SNAP

Front 98

what program is an organization that provides meals free of charge to seniors that are food insecure and cannot provide meals for themselves?

Back 98

meals on wheels

Front 99

how many meals per day does meals on wheels provide?

Back 99

1 million

Front 100

what is the age related loss of muscle mass, strength and function?

Back 100

sarcopenia

Front 101

decreased protein synthesis, motor unit remodeling, physical inactivity and decreased hormone levels are factors affecting the onset of what?

Back 101

sarcopenia

Front 102

what hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus leteum to produce estrogen and progesteron?

Back 102

human chorionic gonadotropin

Front 103

what hormone maintains the implant; stimulates growth of the endometrium and its secretion of nutrients; relaxes smooth muscle of the uterine blood vessels and gastrointestinal tract; stimulates breast development and promotes lipid deposition?

Back 103

progesterone

Front 104

what hormone increases lipid formation and storage, protein synthesis, and uterine blood flow; prompts uterine and breast duct development; promotes ligament flexibility?

Back 104

estrogen

Front 105

what hormone increases maternal insulin resistance to maintain glucose availability for fetal use; promotes protein synthesis and the breakdown of fat for energy for maternal use?

Back 105

human chorionic somatotropin

Front 106

what hormone may participate in the regulation of appetite and lipid metabolism, weight gain, and utilization of fat stores?

Back 106

leptin

Front 107

if a woman is underweight (<18.5kg/m2) then how much weight should she gain for pregnancy?

Back 107

28-40 lb (12.7-18.2 kg)

Front 108

if a woman is normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) then how much weight should she gain for pregnancy?

Back 108

25-35 lb (6.8-11.4 kg)

Front 109

if a woman is overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) then how much weight should she gain for pregnancy?

Back 109

15-25 lb (6.8-11.4 kg)

Front 110

if a woman is obese (higher than 30 kg/m2) then how much weight should she gain for pregnancy?

Back 110

11-20 lb (5-9.1 kg)

Front 111

how much weight should a woman gain for twin pregnancy?

Back 111

25-54 lb (11.4-24.5 kg)

Front 112

what does SGA stand for?

Back 112

small for gestational age

Front 113

what does LGA stand for?

Back 113

large for gestational age

Front 114

what is prolactin?

Back 114

a hormone necessary for milk production

Front 115

what is oxytocin?

Back 115

a hormone prduced that causes milk to eject

Front 116

infants holding their head up, sitting, pulling up, rolling over, and walking are examples of what?

Back 116

Large motor development

Front 117

Eye-hand coordination, reaching or grasping, and manipulating objects are examples of what?

Back 117

small motor development

Front 118

What is anemia?

Back 118

a decline in circulating red blood cell mass reduces the capacity to carry oxygen

Front 119

When is a woman considered anemic?

Back 119

hemoglobin count is <10.5 or 11 g/dL

Front 120

Pregnant women need how much more iron than a non pregnant women?

Back 120

50% more

Front 121

Anemia may be caused by what factors?

Back 121

nutrition, hemolysis, blood loss

Front 122

What percentage of women are effected worldwide by anemia?

Back 122

60%: 33% in america: 14% are african american 12% are hispanic 7% are caucasian

Front 123

What women are most effected by postpartum depression?

Back 123

Women with a low socioeconomic status

Front 124

What is done to diagnose iron deficiency

Back 124

1. Complete blood Count : which will show low hemoglobin levels and low hematocrit (the % of blood make up RBC)
2. Retifulocyte Count: Test how fast immature RBCs are produced.

Front 125

What should pregnant women eat?

Back 125

foods that are rich in iron suchas: red meat, chicken, dark vegetables, strawberries, raspberries driedapricots and whole wheat.

Front 126

How much does iron need increase during pregnancy?

Back 126

It jumps from 18 to 27 mg/day

Front 127

What is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendation for daily supplements of iron?

Back 127

30 mg of iron

Front 128

What are the risks of iron deficiency anemia for pregnancy?

Back 128

preterm delivery, low birth weight and possibly for inferior neonatal health.

Front 129

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Back 129

pallor, fatigue, lethargy and headaches, inflammation of lips and tongue

Front 130

What happens to an infant that is born iron deficient?

Back 130

they are hesitant, solemn, and clingy to mother, delays in social, gross motor and emotional development.

Front 131

what are the infant symptoms of iron deficiency?

Back 131

fatigue and weakness, pale skin and mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat or a new heart murmur (detected in an exam by your child's doctor), irritability, decreased appetite, dizziness or a feeling of being lightheaded

Front 132

What is colic?

Back 132

A condition that is marked by a sudden onset of irritability, fussiness or crying in a young infant between 2 weeks and 3 months of age who is otherwise growing and healthy

Front 133

When does colic occur?

Back 133

usually arises in the first month of life and may persist for as long as one year of life in some cases

Front 134

What are some causes of colic?

Back 134

Some causes may be related to allergic reactions, Over-stimulation, Acid Reflux, Gas producing foods, Immature digestive and nervous system

Front 135

What foods cause colic?

Back 135

cow’s milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, and fish decrease colic symptoms

Front 136

Intense and Prolonged Crying, Abdominal Bloating, Sleeplessness & Exhaustion, Trapped Gas, Acute Stomach Pains, stressed out parents are symptoms of what?

Back 136

colic

Front 137

How do you treat colic?

Back 137

Rocking or holding the infant, positioning correctly (when feeding or holding), getting out of the house, remain calm

Front 138

What consists of cognitive development in infants?

Back 138

Adequate nutrient intake, Positive social and emotional interactions, Genetics

Front 139

What consists of digestive system development in infants?

Back 139

Approximately 6 months for the infant’s GI tract to mature, Healthy newborn can digest fats, protein and simple sugars and absorb fats and amino acids

Front 140

What are the energy and nutrient recommendations for infants?

Back 140

Caloric needs of typical infants are higher per pound of body weight that at any other time in life

Front 141

What are the calorie needs for infants?

Back 141

80-120kcal/kg for 0-6 months
Approximately 100kcal/kg from 6 -12 months

Front 142

What are factors that influence calorie needs?

Back 142

weight and growth rate, sleep/wake cycle, temperature and climate, physical activity, metabolic response to food, and health status

Front 143

What is the protein needs for infants?

Back 143

2.2 g/kg from 0 - 6 months
1.6 g/kg from 6 - 12 months
CONVERT kg --> lbs
**1kg=2.2lbs**

Front 144

What percentage of calories from fat does breast milk typically contain?

Back 144

50-55%

Front 145

What are some modifications to formula for infants?

Back 145

Protein: broken down to short AA fragments or individual AAs. Sugar: lactose replaced by other sugars (sucrose, glucose), Fat: LCFA replaced with MCT, Calories: increased in preterm infant formula vs. full-term

Front 146

Should cow milk be introduced during infancy?

Back 146

NO, may cause iron deficiency anemia

Front 147

What are characterizations of lactose intolerance in infants?

Back 147

cramps, nausea and pain and alternating diarrhea and constipation

Front 148

What is often confused with colic?

Back 148

Lactose intolerance

Front 149

Do infants outgrow lactose intolerance?

Back 149

Yes, Can be temporary result of GI infection or illness
Ability to digest lactose often returns following illness

Front 150

What are some development of infant feeding skills?

Back 150

Infants born with reflexes & food intake regulatory mechanism, inherent preference for sweet taste, at 4-6 wks, reflexes fade; infant begins to purposely signal wants & needs

Front 151

What are some cues for infant feeding readiness?

Back 151

Watching the food being opened in anticipation of eating, tight fists or reaching for spoon, irritation if feeding too slow or stops temporarily, playing with food or spoon, slowing intake, turning away, spit out food when full

Front 152

What are some recommendations for introduction to solid foods?

Back 152

Infant should not be overly tired or hungry, allow infant to open mouth & extend tongue, place spoon on front of tongue with gentle pressure, avoid scraping spoon on infant’s gums, pace feeding to allow infant to swallow, first meals may be as few as 5-6 spoons over 10 minutes

Front 153

List food texture and development in infants according to age

Back 153

Pureed foods at 4-6 months (Before this, only liquids are tolerated). Very soft, lumpy foods at 6-8 months (Early introduction of lumpy foods may cause choking). Soft mashed foods by 8-10 months

Front 154

What are foods that an infant should stay away from?

Back 154

Popcorn, Peanut, Raisins, whole grapes, Stringy meats, Gum & gummy-textured candy, hard candy or jelly beans, Hot dogs, Hard fruits or vegetables

Front 155

How fast do infants grow in the first year?

Back 155

Newborns typically double birth weight by 4-6 months and triple it by 1 year

Front 156

What does infant growth reflect?

Back 156

Nutritional adequacy
Health status
Economic & environmental adequacy

Front 157

What measurements are recorded during this first year?

Back 157

weight, recumbent length (to assess height), and head circumference

Front 158

What is failure to thrive?

Back 158

Inadequate weight or length gain
-Primarily used to describe conditions in which calorie deficit is suspected

Front 159

What is the difference between organic and nonorganic failure to thrive?

Back 159

organic- basis is a diagnosed medical illness

nonorganic- not based on medical diagnosis

Front 160

What process is taken for failure to thrive?

Back 160

A nutritional intervention. Often includes referral to RD. First step is correction of inadequate calorie and/or protein intake. RD assesses growth and nutritional adequacy, establishes care plan, provides follow-up

Front 161

List the feeding skills of a toddler

Back 161

9-10 months—weaning bottle begins
12 to 14 months—completely weaned
12 months—refined pincer
18-24 months—able to use tongue to clean lips & has developed rotary chewing

Front 162

What are the feeding behaviors of toddlers?

Back 162

May have strong preferences & dislikes
Serve new foods with familiar foods & when child is hungry
Toddlers imitate parents & older siblings

Front 163

What are the basic energy needs of a toddler?

Back 163

Estimated Energy Requirement = (89 x weight of child [kg] 100) + 20 kcal
Formula for children aged 13-36 months

Front 164

What are the energy and nutrient needs of a school aged child?

Back 164

Energy needs vary by activity level & body size. The protein DRI is 0.95 g/kg body weight. Intakes of vitamins & minerals appear adequate for most U.S. children

Front 165

What are some common nutrition problems of a toddler?

Back 165

Iron deficiency anemia
Dental caries: baby bottle tooth
Constipation: stool holding, rectal distention
Lead poisoning

Front 166

cystic fibrosis, renal disease, diplegia, pediatric AIDS, bronchopulmanary dysplasia (BPD are symptoms of what?

Back 166

High caloric need

Front 167

What are the 5 major requirements for National School Lunch Program?

Back 167

1: Lunches be based on nutritional standards. 2: Children who cannot pay for lunches must receive them for free or at a reduced price. 3: Operate on nonprofit basis. 4: Programs be accountable. 5: Take part in commodity programs

Front 168

What are the four menu planning approaches?

Back 168

1.Traditional food based menu planning approach. 2.Enhanced food based menu planning approach.
3.Nutrient standard menu planning approach
4.Assisted nutrient standard menu planning approach

Front 169

What does the school breakfast program provide?

Back 169

Provides cash assistance to states to operate non-profit breakfast programs in schools and residential childcare institutions. Must provide 1/4 of the DRI for the kids being served. (based on age/grade)

Front 170

What is the summer food service program?

Back 170

Provides meals to needy kids when school is not in session

Front 171

Who operates the summer food service program?

Back 171

Schools, local government agencies, or public/private nonprofit agencies

Front 172

How is the summer food service program funded?

Back 172

The federal government gives financial assistance to provide meals in areas where >50% of participating children are from families whose income are lower than 85% of the poverty level.

Front 173

What is the supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP)?

Back 173

Formerly known as food stamps. Now uses an “EBT” card, which works much like a debit card. Provides financial assistance for purchasing food to people of low income in the United States

Front 174

head circumference for age = what percentiles?

Back 174

<5th %ile >95th %ile

Front 175

stunting/shortness length or stature for age = what percentiles?

Back 175

<5th %ile

Front 176

underweight weight-for-length/ BMI-for-age = what percentiles?

Back 176

<5th %ile

Front 177

Overweight weight-for-length/ BMI-for-age = what percentiles?

Back 177

>/= 95th %ile

Front 178

Risk of overweight BMI-for-age = what percentiles?

Back 178

85th -> 95th %ile

Front 179

down syndrome, sina bifida, prader-willi syndrome, nonabulatory children with shorter stature are symptoms of what?

Back 179

Low caloric need