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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gyri |
Elevated ridge/ fold |
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Sulci |
Small depressed Grove dividing gyri |
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Central Sulcus |
Divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe |
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Longitudinal fissure |
Divides the 2 cerebral hemispheres |
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Transverse fissure |
Divides Cerebrum (occipital lobe) from the cerebellum |
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Transverse fissure |
Divides temporal love from the frontal and parietal lobes |
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Functions of Cerebral cortex |
Planning and executing complex, voluntary motor tasks Emotions Personality Intellect Different sensory modalities - Sight, hearing, mute |
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Lobes of cerebral cortex |
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula |
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Insula location and function |
Beneath the temporal lobe Memory encoding Integrating sensory info regarding pain and visceral responses Cardiovascular response to stress |
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Primary motor cortex (Precentral Gyrus) |
Voluntary motor control of groups of skeletal muscles Precise Movements of legs, feet, trunk, arm, mouth, face, hand |
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Supplementary motor area |
Planning of complex movement Bilateral movement - e.g. bilateral grasping, climbing Positional movement of hand and eyes Postural stabilisation Broca's area Inferior frontal gyrus - Motor speech area, controls facial neurons, word formation |
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Brocas area |
Location- inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere (usually left) Motor speech area Controls facial neurons Speech word formation |
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Orbitofrontal Cortex |
Conscious experience of pain and pleasure Receives sensory input (taste, smell, touch, sound, vision) |
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Olfactory bulb |
CN 1 Sense of smell |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Rostral part of frontal lobe Personality Behaviour |
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Problems w/ prefrontal cortex |
Bilateral lesion - (Labotomy/ Disease) - Attention defecit disorder - Problem solving difficulties - inappropriate social behaviour |
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Premotor area |
Coordination and performance of more complex patterns of movements Selection of movements based on environmental effects |
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Parietal lobe function |
Somatosensory cortex - sensing and integrating sensation - spatial awareness and perception- Proprioception |
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Perietal lobe regions |
Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Primary Gustary cortex |
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Primary somatosensory Gyrus (Postcentral Gyrus) |
Involved w/ sensation and processing of tactile (pressure, fine touch, crude touch) and proprioceptive information Asteriognosis - Judge textures of materials Localisation of pain |
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Tactile information |
Pressure, fine touch, crude touch Processed in primary sensory cortex |
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Function: Somatosensory association cortex |
Helps with integration and interpretation of sensations - relative to body position - location in space Interprets quality of pain |
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Where does pain perception take place? |
Likely in lower brain structures - Thalamus - Reticular formation Quality of pain interpreted in somatosensory associated cortex |
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Primary gustatory cortex |
Interpretation of taste |
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Occipital lobe function |
Processing, integration and interpretation of Visual stimuli |
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Parts of occipital lobe |
Primary visual cortex Visual association area |
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Primary visual cortex |
Primary area of the brain responsible for sight Recognise Light, colour, size, motion, dimensions |
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Visual association area |
Interprets information acquired through primary visual cortex |
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Regions of frontal lobe |
Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Premotor area Supplementary motor area - Brocas area Orbitofrontal cortex Olfactory bulb Prefrontal cortex |
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Temporal lobe function |
Hearing Organisation/ comprehension of language Information retrieval - memory, memory formation |
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Temporal lobe regions |
Primary auditory cortex Wernikes area Primary olfactory cortex (Deep) |
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Primary auditory cortex function |
Hearing Interprets Info related to : Pitch, Rhythm and loudness |
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Primary olfactory cortex |
Interprets sense of smell, once it reaches cortex from olfactory bulbs |
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Wernickes area |
Language comprehension |
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How does the temporal lobe contribute to limbic system |
Medial portion of temporal lobe belongs to limbic system - emotional behaviour and motivation |
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Association areas function |
Don't fit into rigid categories of primary and secondary motor and sensory areas Simultaneously receive and analyse info from multiple regions of the motor cortex, sensory cortex and Subcortical regions |
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Association areas- 3 |
Prefrontal association area Parieto- occipital association area Limbic association area |
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Prefrontal association area |
Thought processes Elaboration of thoughts Planning of complex movement |
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Parieto-occipto-temporal association area |
Spatial coordinates of body and surroundings |
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Limbic association area |
Behaviour, emotions and motivation |
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Cerebral cortex subdivision s |
Based on layering pattern - Neocortex - 6 layers - Archicortex - 3 layers - Paleocortex - 4/5 layers |
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Cells of neocortex |
Granular (Stellate cells) - short axons, mainly interneurons, transmit info over short distances within the cerebral cortex Fusiform cells - Spindle shaped, output fibres Pyramidal cells - Larger and most numerous cell type - long, large nerve fibres - go to the spinal cord |
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Granular cells - stellate |
Mainly function as interneurons Transmit info. Over short distances within the cerebral cortex Short axons |
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Fusiform cells |
Spindle shaped Output fibres |
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Pyramidal cells |
Larger and most numerous cells Large , Long nerve fibres go to spinal cord Found in all layers except Layer 1 (Glutamatergic) |
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Layers of neocortex |
1 - Molecular - Axon terminals and dendrites 2 - External granular Layer - Small pyramidal cells & granular cells 3 - External pyramidal layer - moderate sized pyramidal cells 4 - Internal granular layer - Mostly stealth cells 5 - Internal pyramidal layer - Huge pyramidal betz cells of the motor cortex 6 - Multiform Layer - Wide array of cell types |
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Neocortex layer 1 - Molecular |
Axon terminals and dendrites |
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Neocortex layer 2 - External granular Layer |
Small pyramidal cells and granular cells |
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Neocortex layer 3 - External pyramidal cells |
Moderate sized pyramidal cells |
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Neocortex layer 4 - Internal granular layer |
Mostly stellate cells Termination point for specific sensory signals arising from the body |
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Neocortex layer 5 - Internal pyramidal layer |
Huge pyramidal Betz cells of the motor cortex Output signals, origin of large fibres to brainstem and spinal cord |
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Neocortex layer 6 - Multiform layer |
Wide array of cell types Output signals leave Fibres to the Thalamus arise here |
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Neocortex Layers 1 -3 |
Intra - cortical connections |
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What layer of the neocortex do fibres to the thalmus arise? |
Layer 6 - Multiform layer |
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Why is the cerebral cortex not homogeneous |
Different regions have different thicknesses Different cell size Cell density |
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Broadmanns classification |
47 cortical areas Based on cellular and laminar histology |
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3 main categories of White Matter fibres |
Intracortical - Association fibres - fibres that connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere - - short- connecting adjacent gyri - - Long - Connecting distant gyri Extracortical- Projection fibres - Efferent - descending motor pathways, e.g. spinal cord/ cerebellum - Afferent - Specific sensory systems (Visual), - - monoamine inputs (motivation, learning), - - RAS Reticular Activating system ( Arousal) Intracortical - Commisural Fibres - Fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres - Anterior and posterior commisures: Transfer information about emotions - Corpus collosum (Largest bundle) Coordinates activity of both hemispheres |
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Intracortical: Association fibres |
Fibres that connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere Two types of association fibres - Short - connect adjacent fibres - Long - Connecting distant gyri |
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Extracortical: Projection fibres |
Efferent - Descending motor pathways e.g. spinal cord/ cerebellum Afferent- Specific sensory systems (Visual) - Monamine inputs (Motivation, learning) - Reticular Activating system- Arousal |
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Intercortical - Commisural fibres |
Fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemisphere Anterior and posterior commisures: transfers info. About emotions Corpus collosum (Largest Bundle) - coordinates the activity both hemisphere |
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Cerebral dominance |
The dominance of one cerebral hemispheres over the other in the control of particular cerebral functions |
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Left hemisphere dominant |
Motor control Language Logic |
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Right hemisphere dominant |
Visuospatial skills Musical ability |
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Cerebral dominance- Planum Temporale |
Association between left hemisphere dominance and in language with the size of plenum temporale Rejected by many as Left plenum temporale is only larger in 67% Left hemisphere preeminence in language is evident in 97% |
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Split brain experiments |
Severed corpus collosum Test: vision dependent stereogenesis Objects in right hand can be named precisely Objects in left hand are named vaguely No hemispherical transfer of sensory info. |
