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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is anascara
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severe and generalized edema iwth diffused involvement of essentially all itnerstitial tissues with grossly evident diffuse subq swelling
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what is the route of lymph drainage
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lymph
thoracic duct left subclav r heart |
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name five gerneal categories leading to edema
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hydrostatic pressure
plasma osmotic pressure lymph obstruction sodium retention inflammation |
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what is the most common cause of reduced plasma osmotic
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nephrotic syndrom0- loss of albumin through damaged glomerular capillaries in the kdieny
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explain why sodium retention causes swelling
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increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased osmostic pressure becuase proteins are more diluted |
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what is the difference between exudate and transudate
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protein rich with spec gravity >1
clear serous fludi with spec gravity <1 |
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subcutaneous edema is generally an indicator of
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cardiac or renal disease
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name three primary hernation sites of cerebral edema
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subfalcine herniation
transtentorial hernation (uncal) tonsillar herniation |
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an active process resulting from arteriolar dilation is _____
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hyperemia
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what is congestion
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passive process resulting from impaired outflow of blood
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between hyperemia and congestion which is active which is passive?
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hyperemia is active
congestion is passive |
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what causes nutmeg liver
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chronic passive hepatic congestion leading to centrilobular congestion and centrilobular necrosis
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what is cardiac cirrhosis
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R heart failure that leads to hepatic fibrosis
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what are heart failure cells
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hemosiderin laden macrophages
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____ is simply an accumulation of extravasated blood in tissue or in a space
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hematoma
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differentiate between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma
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slow from rupture of bridging veins
fast from rupture of middle meningeal artery |
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_______ (3 possibles) is extravasation of blood into tissue due to traumatic vascular rupture in which the skin is NOT broken
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contusion
bruise ecchymosis |
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what is smaller petechiae or purpura?
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petechia 1-2mm
purpura is >3mm |
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______ are most comonly seen in circumstances where there are low platelets or thrombocytopenia
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petechiae
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what is purpura fulminans
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purpura seen diffusely over the body
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what is primary hemostasis
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platelet adherence, activation and aggregation
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what is the secondary hemostasis
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generation of thrombin and subsequent cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin with polymerization of firin and platelet aggregates-- clotting cascade
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arteriolar vasoconstriction is mediated by _____
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endothelin
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primary hemostasis is mediated by ______
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platelets
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platelets adhere to the _____ via platelet receptor ____
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vWF
GpIb |
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___ acts as a bridge between platelets and exposed ECM
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vWF
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platelet aggregation is mediated by platelet receptor ______ which binds fibrinogen
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GpIIb-IIIa
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_____ is a brigdge between platelets
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fibrinogen
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the clotting cascade is predominantly triggered by release of
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tissue factor
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activation of the cascade ultimately generates active ____
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thrombin
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thrombin converts ____ to ____
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fibrinogen to fibrin
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primary stasis forms a platelet ____ while secondary hemostasis results in platelet plug _____, forming a more permanent hemostatic plug
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plug
consolidation |
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what is the virchow triad
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endoethlial injury
stasis hypercoagulability --> thrombosis |
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vascular turbulence -->
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arterial thrombosis
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what are the two types of hypercoagulability
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primary (genetic)
secondary (acquired) |
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the most common primary cause of hypercoagulability is gene mutations for _______ and _____
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factor V and prothrombin
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In factor V leiden mutation, factor V is reistant to cleavage by activated protein C whic is a normal component of _____
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anticoagulation
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what might cause secondary or acquired hypercoagulability
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hyperestrogenic oral contraceptives or pregnancy
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what are the four fates of a thrombus
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propagation
organization/recanalization dissolution/resolution embolization |
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what is the difference between thrombus and thromboembolus
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attached to vascular wall
migration |
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name things that may lead ot air embolism
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penetrating chest wall injury
stab wound to the neck OB procedures |
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what is paradoxical embolism
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must travel through patent foramen ovale
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T or F. volvulus or torsion could cause a non-thomboembolic infart
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true
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what ist he difference between red and white infarcts
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dual blood supply
end arterial circulation |
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name organs with dual blood supply
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liver
lung ovary |
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name organs with end arterial circulation
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heart
spleen kidneys |
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nature of the vascular supply
rate of occlusion development susceptibility of tissue to hypoxia and oxygen content or blood are all important in influencing |
infarct
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how long can neurons survive in hypoxia? cardiac cells?
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3-5 mins
30 mins |
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cardiovascular collapse =
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shock
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T or F both decreased CO or blood volume may lead to shock
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true
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what are three categories of shock
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cardiogenic
hypovolemic septic |
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how can a saddle embolus lead to cardiogenic shock
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aute outflow obstruction
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what is the most common cause of septic shock
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gram + bacti
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DAD =
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diffuse alveolar damage
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what causes shock lung
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ARDS caused by DAD
fibrin leaks and forms hyaline membranes in the alveolar wall |
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widespread activation of BOTH the thrombotic and antithrombotic mech -->
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DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation |
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______ is the terminal complciationin fatal cases of septic shock
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mutlisystem organ failure
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