Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
acidosis
|
an acid-base imbalance characterized by an increase in H+ concentration (decreased blood pH).
|
|
|
active transport
|
physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower concentraion to one of higher concentration; active transport requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
|
|
|
alkalosis
|
an acid-based imbalance characterized by a reduction in H+ concentration (increased blood pH).
|
|
|
diffusion
|
the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration; does not require expenditure of energy.
|
|
|
hemostasis
|
a dynamic process that involves the cessation of bleeding from an injured vessel, which requires activity of blood vessels, platelets,coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
maintenance of a constant internal equilibrium in a biological system that involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms.
|
|
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. In the body, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction.
|
|
|
hypertonic solutions
|
a solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum.
|
|
|
hypotonic solutions
|
a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum.
|
|
|
isotonic solutions
|
a solution with the same osmolality as serum and other body fluids. Osmolality falls within normal range for serum (280-300 mOsm/kg).
|
|
|
osmolality
|
the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per kilogram of solution. Expressed as mOsm/kg. Used more often in clincal practice than the term osmolarity to evaluate serum and urine. In addition to urea and glucose, sodium contributes the largest number of particles to osmolality.
|
|
|
osmolarity
|
the number of osmoles, the standard unit of osmotic pressure per liter of solution. It is expressed as milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L); describes the concentration of solutes or dissolved particles.
|
|
|
osmosis
|
the process by which fluid moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration; the process continues until the solute concentratoins are equal on both sides of the membrane.
|
|
|
tonicity
|
the measurement of the osmotic pressure of a solution; another term for osmolality.
|
|
|
metabolic acidosis
|
a low arterial pH due to reduced becarbonate concentration.
|
|
|
respiratory acidosis
|
a low arterial pH due to increased PCO2.
|
|
|
metabolic alkalosis
|
a high arterial pH with increased bicarbonate concentration.
|
|
|
respiratory alkalosis
|
a high arterial pH due to reduced PCO2
|
|
|
ECF
|
Extracellular fluid - fluid outside the cells - 1/3 of body fluid - divided into three compartments - intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular
|
|
|
ICF
|
Intracellular fluid - fluid in the cells - 2/3 of body fluid - located primarily in the skeletal muscle mass
|
|
|
ECF - Intravascular
|
fluid within the blood vessels - contains plasma - 3L of the 6L of blood volume
|
|
|
Blood Plasma
|
3L of the 6L of blood volume
|
|
|
ECF - Interstitial
|
the fluid that surrounds the cell - totals about 11-12L in an adult - Lymph is an interstitial fluid.
|
|
|
ECF - transcellular
|
smallest division of the ECF - approximately 1L - cerebrosphinal, perecardial, synovial, intraocular, and pleural fluids; sweat; and digestive secretions
|
|
|
third-space fluid shift, "third spacing"
|
loss of ECF into a space that does not contribute to equilibrium between the ICF and ECF
|
|
|
Electrolytes
|
in body fluids are active chemicals
|
|
|
cations
|
electrolytes that carry positive charges - Major cations - sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen ions
|
|
|
anions
|
electrolytes that carry negative charges - chloride, becarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, and proteinate ions
|
|
|
Na
|
Sodium
|
|
|
K
|
Potassium
|
|
|
Ca++
|
Calcium
|
|
|
Mg++
|
Magnesium
|
|
|
Cl-
|
Chloride
|
|
|
HCO3-
|
Bicarbonate
|
|
|
HPO4-
|
Phosphate
|
|
|
SO4-
|
Sulfate
|
|
|
Milliequivalent
|
defined as being equivalent to the electrochemical activity of 1 mg of hydrogen. In solution cations and anions are equal in milliequivalents per liter
|
|
|
osmotic pressure
|
the amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis. Primarily determined by the concentration of solutes.
|
|
|
oncotic pressure
|
the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins.
|
|
|
osmotic diuresis
|
the increase in urine output caused by the excretion of substances such as glucose, mannitol, or contrast agents in the urine.
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
is the natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
|
|
|
Filtration
|
passing a liquid or gas through a filter - kidneys filter 180L of plasma per day.
|
|
|
BUN
|
made up of urea, which is an end product of the metabolism of protein (from both muscle and dietary intake) by the liver. NORMAL BUN is 10 to 20 mg/dL
|
|
|
Creatinine
|
is the end product of muscle metabolism - better indicator of renal function than BUN - NORMAL serum creatinine 0.7-1.4 mg/dL
|
|
|
Hematocrit
|
measures the volume percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in whole blood and normally ranges from 42%-52% for males and 35%-47% for females.
|
|
|
Normal serum osmolality
|
275 - 300 mOsm/kg - can be estimated by doubling the serum sodium level
|
|
|
Normal urine osmolality
|
250 - 900 mOsm/kg
|
|
|
ADH
|
Antidiuretic Hormone
|
|
|
FVD
|
Fluid volume deficit, hypovolemia - occurs when loss of ECF volume exceeds the intake of fluid. It occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in the same proportion as they exist in normal body fluids, so that the ratio of serum electrolytes to water remains the same THIS IS NOT DEHYDRATION (loss of water alone with increased sserum sodium levels.
|
|
|
dehydration
|
loss of water alone, with increased serum sodium levels
|
|
|
FVE
|
Fluid volume excess, or hypervolemia, refers to an isotonic expansion of the ECF caused by the abnormal retention of water and sodium in approximately the same proportions in which they normally exist in the ECF. Is always secondary to an increase in the total body sodium content, which, in turn, leads to an increase in total body water.
|
|
|
Hyponatremia
|
serum sodium level that is below normal <135 mEq/L
|
|
|
Hypernatremia
|
higher-than-normal serum sodium level >145 mEq/L
|
|
|
Hypokalemia
|
below-normal serum potassium concentration <3.5 mEg/L
|
|
|
Hyperkalemia
|
greater-than-normal serum potassium concentration >5.0 mEq/L
|
|
|
hypocalcemia
|
lower-than-normal serum calcium level <8.5 mg/dL
|
|
|
hypercalcemia
|
greater-than-normal serum calcium level >10.5 mg/dL
|
|
|
hypomagnesemia
|
lower-than-normal serum magnesium level <1.8 mg/dL
|
|
|
hypermagnesemia
|
greater-than-normal serum magnesium level >2.7 mg/dL
|
|
|
hypophosphatemia
|
lower-than-normal serum phosphorus level <2.5 mg/dL
|
|
|
hyperphosphatemia
|
greater-than-normal serum phosphorus level >4.5 mg/dL
|
|
|
hypochloremia
|
lower-than-normal serum chloride level <96 mEq/L
|
|
|
hyperchloremia
|
greater-than-normal serum chloride level >108 mEq/L
|
|
|
HCO3-
|
bicarbonate
|
|
|
H2CO3
|
carbonic acid
|
|
|
CO2
|
carbon dioxide
|
|
|
CO2 dissolved in H20
|
carbonic Acid
|
|
|
Arterial Blood Normal Values
pH PaCO2 PaO2 HCO3- Oxygen Saturation |
pH - 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 - 35-45 mm Hg PaO2 - 80-100 mm Hg HCO3- - 22-26 mEq/L O2 Sats - >94% |
|
|
PICC
|
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter
|
