Fluids

Front 1

Water accounts for what % in your body? and were is it mostly found?

Back 1

Water accounts for 99% of the volume of the fluds outside cells and is an essential ingridient of cytoplasm."MOST OF YOUR BODY WT IS FLUIDS"

Front 2

Extracellur Fluid where is it found? ECF?

Back 2

Interstitial fluid, plasma, and other body fluids.

Front 3

Intracellualr fluids? ICF?

Back 3

cytosol

Front 4

Stabalizing the volume, solute concentrations, and pH of the ECF and ICF involves three interrelated processes:

Back 4

1. Fluid Balance
2. Electrolyte Balance
3. Acid-Base Balance

Front 5

FLUID BALANCE: what are the primary source of water gain and lost?

Back 5

Digestive System is the source of water gain.
(sm amts metabolic activity)
Urinary System is the source of water lost.
(sweat glands when body temp elevated)

Front 6

Electrolyte

Back 6

are ions released through the dissociation of inorganic compounds; they are so named b/c they can conduct an electrical current in a solution.

Front 7

You are in Acid-Base balance when?

Back 7

the production of hydrogen ions in your body is precisely offset by their loss. When the balance exists, the pH of body fluids remains within normal limits.

Front 8

Where does our total body water is mostly contain in the ECF or ICF?

Back 8

ICF

Front 9

Minor components of ECF are ?

Back 9

lymph, CSF, synovial fluids, serous fluids(plueral,pericardial,& peritoneal fluids), aqueous humor, perilymph, and edolymph.

Front 10

The ECF anf ICF together are called?

Back 10

Fluid Compartments

Front 11

Principal IONS in the ECF are ?

Back 11

Sodium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate.

Front 12

The ICF contains IONS in abundance, what are they?

Back 12

Potassium, Magnesium, and Phosphate ions, plus large numbers of negatively charged proteins.

Front 13

Exchange among the subdivision of the ECF occurs primarily across.....

Back 13

The endothelial lining of capillaries. (simple squamous).
& Fluid may also travel from the interstitial spaces to plasm through lymphatic vessels that drain into the venous system.

Front 14

All the Homeostatic Mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to change in the ???

Back 14

ECF no in the ICF. In the ICF is contained within trillions of indiv. cells that are physically an chemically isolated from one another by their cell memb.

Front 15

No Receptors directly monitor fluid and electrolyte balance but ....

Back 15

receptors can monitor PLASMA VOLUME and OSMOTIC CONC.

Front 16

Plasma volume and osmotic concentration are good indicators of ?

Back 16

the state of fluid balance and electrolyte balance for the body as a whole

Front 17

Cells cannot move water molecules by active transport so
what moves water across cell memb?

Back 17

all movement across cell memb & epithelia occurs passively, in response to osmotic gradient established by the active transport of specific ions , such as (sodium and chloride)
"Water follows Salt"

Front 18

The body's content of water or electrolytes will rise if dietary gains exceed losses to the environment, and will fall if losses exceed gains.

Back 18

homeostatic adjustments generally affect the balance bt urinary excretion and dietary absorption

Front 19

Major physiological adjustments affecting fluid balance and electrolyte balance are mediated by 3 HORMONES:

Back 19

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Aldosterone
3. Natriuretic peptide (ANP and BPN)

Front 20

where are the osmoreceptors located ?

Back 20

Hypothalamus

Front 21

What are Osmoreceptors?

Back 21

specialized cells that monitor osmotic conc of the ECF

Front 22

What are the population of osmoreceptors and what do they secrete?

Back 22

Neurons and secreter ADH

Front 23

When you increase the release of ADH it has two imp effects?

Back 23

1. stimulates water conservation at the kidneys; reducing urinary water losses and concentrating the urine
2. stimulate thirst center, promoting the intake of fluids

Front 24

Secretion of Aldosterone by the adrenal cortex plays a major role in determining the rate of ....

Back 24

Na and K loss along the DCT and collecting system of the kidneys.

Front 25

The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidneys conserve...?

Back 25

Sodium and b/c water follows salt, the concentration of Na+ also stimulates water retention.

Front 26

Aldosterone also increases the sensitivity of what receptor on the tongue?

Back 26

Salt receptor; will increase the intense in and consumption of salty food.

Front 27

Renin release occurs in response to ?

Back 27

1. a drop in plasma volume or blood pressure at the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the nephrone

2. a decline in filtrate osmotic conc at the DCT

3. Falling Na+ and K+ conc in the renal circulation

Front 28

Who release the Natriuretic peptides?

Back 28

Cardiac Muscles, in response to abnormal stretching of the heart walls, caused by elevated blood pressure or an increased in blood volume.

Front 29

What effects do Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) have?

Back 29

reduce thirst and block the release of ADH and aldosterone that might otherwise lead to a conservation of water and salt.

Front 30

When ANP/BNP is released what is the result?

Back 30

Diuresis; fluid loss at the kidneys, lowers both the blood pressure and plasma volume, eliminating the source of the stimulation

Front 31

Any factors that affect the _____pressure or the _____pressure will alter he distribution of the fluid within the ECF?

Back 31

Net hydrostatic pressure and Net colloid osmotic pressure

Front 32

The movement of abnormal amounts of water from plasma into interstitial fluid is called

Back 32

Edema

Front 33

WATER LOSSES: You lose roughly how ml of water each day through urine, feces, and insensible perspiration?

Back 33

resp losses: 1150 ml
fecal losses: 150 ml
urine losses: 1200 ml
sensible perspiration variable
TOTAL: 2500 ML

Front 34

Fever cause increase in water losses. For each degree that body temperature rises above normal, daily insensible water losses increases by____ml?

Back 34

200ml daily
"drink plenty of fluids" when you are sick

Front 35

WATER GAIN: how much water gain in ml/day?

Back 35

eating 1000 ml
drinking 1200 ml
metabolic generation 300 ml
TOTAL: 2500 ML

Front 36

Metabolic Generation

Back 36

is the production of water within cells, primarily as a result of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.

Front 37

Fluid Shift

Back 37

a rapid water movement bt the ECF and the ICF in response to an osmotic gradient

Front 38

Dehydration

Back 38

or water depletion, develops when water losses outpace water gains.

Front 39

Conditions that cause water loss are?

Back 39

1.excessive perspiration(brought about by exercising in hot weather)
2. Inadequate water consumption
3. Repeated vomiting,and diarrhea.

"causes Na+ to concentrate high Hypernatremia"

Front 40

Therapies for Acute Dehydration?

Back 40

1. Administer hypotonic fluids by mouth or IV

these procedures rapidly incr ECF volume and promote the sift of water back into the ICF.

Front 41

Overhydration

Back 41

or water excess

Front 42

Conditions that cause overhydration?

Back 42

1. ingestion of large volume of fresh water or the infusion (injection into the blood stream) if a hypotonic solution
2. inability to eliminate excess water in urine, due to chronic renal failure, HF,Cirrhosis, or other disorders.
3. endocrine disorders, such as excessive ADH production

Front 43

Sigh of Overhydration in ion is?

Back 43

low Sodium (hyponatremia)

Front 44

Treatment for severe overhydration?

Back 44

administering diuretics and infusing a concentrated salt solution.

That promotes a fluid shift for the ICF to the ECF and returns Na+ concentration to near-normal levels.

Front 45

Fluid shifts occur rapidly in response to change in the osmotic conc of the ECF and reaches Equilibrium within min to hours: (2 ways)

Back 45

1. If the Osmotic Concentration of the ECF Increases, the fluid will become Hypertonic with respect to the ICF

2. If the Osmotic Concentration of the ECF Decreases, that fluid will become Hypotonic with respect to the ICF.

Front 46

1st sign hyponatremia is?

Back 46

Effects the Nervous System: the indiv will act as if drunk on alcohol. This condition is called Water Intoxication. Very Dangerous, if untx can progress from confusion to hallucinations, convulsions, coma, and then death

Front 47

Cell Membrane is made of 3 componets?

Back 47

1. Phospholipids bilayer
2. Cholesterol
3. Protein

Front 48

Function of cell membrane?

Back 48

1. Physical Isolation
2. Regulation of Exchange with the environment
3. Sensitivity to the environment
4. structural support

Front 49

Membrane Lipid

Back 49

phospholipid bilayer (hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end)
Hydrophobic tails are in the inside of the of the bilayer

Front 50

Membrane Proteins

Back 50

must dense than lipids

Front 51

Name Membrane Proteins?

Back 51

1. Integral Proteins
2. Peripheral proteins
3. Anchoring Proteins
4. Recognition Proteins
5. Enzyme
6. Receptor Proteins
7. Carrier Proteins
8. Channel

Front 52

Integral Proteins

Back 52

are part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane. (transmembrane proteins)

Front 53

Peripheral Proteins

Back 53

are bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and (like post-it notes) are easily separeated for it.

Front 54

Anchoring Proteins

Back 54

attach the cell membrane to other sturcture and stabalize it position. In side the cell. memb proteins are bound to the cytoskeleton, a network of supporting filaments in the cytoplasm.
Outside the cell, other memb proteins may attach the cell to the extracellular protein fibers or to another cell.

Front 55

Recognition Protein (Identifiers)

Back 55

cells of immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on the presence or absence of characteristics of these memb proteins. (many are glycoproteins)

Front 56

Name Membrane Proteins?

Back 56

1. Integral Proteins
2. Peripheral proteins
3. Anchoring Proteins
4. Recognition Proteins
5. Enzyme
6. Receptor Proteins
7. Carrier Proteins
8. Channel

Front 57

Integral Proteins

Back 57

are part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane. (transmembrane proteins)

Front 58

Peripheral Proteins

Back 58

are bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and (like post-it notes) are easily separeated for it.

Front 59

Anchoring Proteins

Back 59

attach the cell membrane to other sturcture and stabalize it position. In side the cell. memb proteins are bound to the cytoskeleton, a network of supporting filaments in the cytoplasm.
Outside the cell, other memb proteins may attach the cell to the extracellular protein fibers or to another cell.

Front 60

Recognition Protein (Identifiers)

Back 60

cells of immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on the presence or absence of characteristics of these memb proteins. (many are glycoproteins)

Front 61

Enzyme Protein

Back 61

Enzyme cell memb may be integral or peripheral proteins. They catalyze reactions in the extracellular fluid or the cytosol. Depending on the location of the protein and its active sites.

Front 62

Receptor Proteins

Back 62

in the cell memb are sensitive to the prescence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands.Will bind to it and and may trigger changes in the activity of the cell.

Front 63

Carrier Proteins

Back 63

bind solutes and trasport them across the cell membrane. teh transport process involves a change in the shape of the carrier protein when solutes bind occurs. The protein returns to its original shape when the solute is released.

Front 64

Channel (IONS) Proteins

Back 64

some integral proteins contain a central pore, or channel that forms a passageway completely across the cell membrane.
(only water and small solutes can cross)

Front 65

Carbohydrate Membrane

Back 65

componets of complex molecules such as proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
Form a layer called Glycocalyx

Front 66

Glycocalyx Functions

Back 66

1. Lubrication and Protection
2. Anchoring and Locomotion
3. Specific in Binding
4. Recognition

Front 67

3 forms of transport of cell membrane?

Back 67

1. Diffusion
2. Carrier-mediated Transport
3. Vesicular Transport

Front 68

Diffussion

Back 68

is the net movement of material form an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration.

Front 69

The difference bt the high and low concentration is called?

Back 69

concentration gradient
(and thus a potential energy gradient)

Front 70

Important factors that influence diffusion rate include:

Back 70

1. Distance
2. Molecule Size
3. Temperature
4. Gradient Size
5. Electrical Forces

Front 71

Osmotic pressure

Back 71

of a solution is an indication of the force with which pure water moves into that solution as result of its solute concentration.

Front 72

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 72

pushing against a fluid

Front 73

Osmolarity or osmotic concentration

Back 73

the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution

Front 74

Tonicity (how the solute affects the cell) use istead of

Back 74

Osmolarity

Front 75

Isotonic

Back 75

a solution that does not cause an osmotic flow of water into or out of a cell

Front 76

Hypotonic solution

Back 76

water will flow into the cell, causing it to swell up like a balloon, the cell will eventually burst , releasing its contents. (hemolysis)

Front 77

Hypertonic slolution

Back 77

will lose water by osmosis, as it does the cell shivels and dehydrates. The shrinking of RBC's is called Crenation/