Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid/base Balance: Short Answer

Front 1

Substances that break up or dissociate into electrically charged components when they dissolve in water are called ____________.

Back 1

electrolytes

Front 2

A base is a chemical compound that takes up hydrogen ions from a solution and leaves the solution with an excess of __________.

Back 2

hydroxyl ions

Front 3

A common base in the body is __________.

Back 3

ammonia

Front 4

In a solution, acid liberates __________.

Back 4

hydrogen ions

Front 5

Water encompasses about 50 percent of the body weight of a normal adult ________.

Back 5

female

Front 6

The water found inside all cells of the body occupies a compartment known as the ______________.

Back 6

intracellular fluid compartment

Front 7

The portion of body water that exists in the extracellular fluid compartment is approximately __________.

Back 7

one-third

Front 8

About 75 percent of the extracellular fluid of the body exists in interstitial fluid and _______________.

Back 8

lymph

Front 9

Sinovial fluid, sweat, and cerebrospinal fluid are different types of ____________.

Back 9

trancellular fluids

Front 10

The concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid is usually low, but the concentration of proteinis high in the ________________.

Back 10

plasma

Front 11

Water leaves the body by means of activities occurring in the lungs, skin, intestines, and ___________.

Back 11

kidney

Front 12

The principal mechanism by which water moves into and out of cells is ___________.

Back 12

osmosis

Front 13

Much of the water movement between the plasma and the interstitial fluid is due to the presence of __________.

Back 13

proteins

Front 14

The body's thirst mechanism is controlled by a nerve center in the _____________.

Back 14

hypothalamus

Front 15

Tubular reabsorption of water taking place in the kidneys is controlled by the hormone known as _________.

Back 15

antidiuretic hormone

Front 16

The hormone aldosterone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys through its activity on the reabsorption of ____________.

Back 16

sodium ions

Front 17

Such things as blood viscosity and the length of the blood vessel influence the fluid movement factor called ___________.

Back 17

resistance

Front 18

The mechanism for controlling the flow of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid is known as ____________.

Back 18

Starling's law of the capillaries

Front 19

The pressure of water in the blood is referred to as the ____________.

Back 19

hydrostatic pressure

Front 20

The colloid osmotic pressure present in the capillaries depends upon the presence of plasma __________.

Back 20

proteins

Front 21

According to Starling's law, at the arteriole end of the capillary water leaves the capillary and enters the interstitial fluid because the hydrostatic pressure exceeds the _________.

Back 21

colloid osmotic pressure

Front 22

The loss of water at the arteriole end of the capillary is similar to that taking place in the glomerulus of the kidney, and the process is called _____________.

Back 22

filtration

Front 23

At the venule end of the capillary, water leaves the interstitial space and enters the capillary because the colloid osmotic pressure exceeds the _______.

Back 23

hydrostatic pressure

Front 24

The movement of water into the capillary at the venule end is known as __________.

Back 24

absorption

Front 25

The movement of fluids between the interstitial space and the intracellular environment is controlled by pressure known as _________.

Back 25

osmotic pressure

Front 26

The presence of abnormally large amounts of water in the interstitial tissue causes the condition _____________.

Back 26

edema

Front 27

Negatively charged ions are known as ___________.

Back 27

anions

Front 28

Electrolytes are obtained for the body from drinking water, metabolic reactions, and ______________.

Back 28

foods

Front 29

Approximately 90 percent of the cations in the extracellular fluids consist of ___________.

Back 29

sodium ions

Front 30

The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the nephron secretes a sodium-regulating substance called ______________.

Back 30

renin

Front 31

The release of aldosterone to regulate sodium reabsorption in the tubules is stimulated by the substance _________.

Back 31

angiotensin II

Front 32

In addition to regulating the sodium ion concentration, aldosterone also regulates the body's level of ____________.

Back 32

potassium ions

Front 33

Excessive amounts of potssium ions in the body can lead to fibrillations of the _______________.

Back 33

heart

Front 34

The ion that plays roles in blood clot formation, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and as the structural component of teeth and bones is _____________.

Back 34

calcium

Front 35

The regulation of calcium ions in the body is governed by hormones produced by the parathyroid gland and the __________.

Back 35

thyroid gland

Front 36

The maximum number of hydrogen ions possible in a solution is provided by a (n) _______________.

Back 36

strong acid

Front 37

An example of a weak acid is ____________.

Back 37

carbonic acid

Front 38

The concentration of hydrogen ions in the body fluid is expressed as ____________.

Back 38

pH

Front 39

A buffer system is used to prevent substanctial changes in a solution's _____________.

Back 39

pH

Front 40

A buffer solution generally contains a weak acid and a (n) _________________.

Back 40

salt

Front 41

Proteins act as powerful buffers in the body because they contain carboxyl groups and _____________.

Back 41

amino groups

Front 42

The respiratory center helps regulate the acid/base balance of the body by controlling the rate of ____________.

Back 42

respiration

Front 43

During periods of intense physical exercise, the cells increase carbon dioxide production, which leads to an increase of the blood content of _____________.

Back 43

carbonic acid

Front 44

One of the important plasma proteins that provides a protein buffer system is ____________.

Back 44

albumin

Front 45

The kidneys help regulate the acid/base balance by excreting hydrogen ions in the ______________.

Back 45

urine

Front 46

In the kidneys, the alkaline condition of the blood can be regulated by the excretion of ______________.

Back 46

bicarbonate ions

Front 47

Hydrogen ions can be removed by a reaction between hydrogen and ammonia molecules to produce ____________.

Back 47

ammonium ions

Front 48

To determine the acid/base status of the body, samples are removed from the ____________.

Back 48

systemic arterial blood

Front 49

Normally, the pH of arterial blood is __________.

Back 49

7.4

Front 50

Should the pH increase significantly above the set level in the body, the condition is known as ____________.

Back 50

alkalosis