Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Functions of water |
medium which metabolic reactions take place transportation system for nutrients/waste/enzymes moves blood cells movement of body parts: lungs, joints
cells cant function without adequate fluid |
|
|
what percentage of body weight consists of water? |
60% in adults. higher water content in infants. high proportion of fat in women adn elderly as well as obese indidivudals |
|
|
ECF includes |
IVF or blood ISF or intercelluar fluid CSF transcellular fluids (pericardial cavity, synovial cavities) |
|
|
adh does what |
allows reabsorbption of water into blood from kidney tubules |
|
|
aldosterone does what |
reabsorption of sodium adn water from kidney tubules. hormones conserve more fluid when there is a fluid deficit in the body |
|
|
ANP |
reduces workload on heart by regulating fluid, sodium, potassium levels
inhibits ADH to reduce reabssorption of sodium in distal convoluted tubes increases GFR reduces renin to inhibit RAAS system
results in fluid loss and lowered blood pressure
aldosterone also reduced: leading to retentino of potassium |
|
|
arteriolar end of capillary |
hydrostatic pressure in blood> hs in interstitial space |
|
|
edema occurs how? |
1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure 2. loss of plasma protein 3. obstruction of lymph system 4. increased capillary permeability |
|
|
pulmonary edema |
excessive hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into alveoli, interfering with respiratory function |
|
|
specific causes of edema related to increased hydrostatic pressure |
increased blood volume associated with kidney failure pregnancy chf administration of excessive fluids |
|
|
loss of plasma proteins can cause edema. how is protein lost? |
lost in urine through kidney disease synthesis of protein impaired in pt wiht cirhossis or malnutrition protein levels can drop acutely in burn patients who have large areas of burned skin: inflammation and loss of skin barrier allow protein to easily leak out of body |
|
|
fluid excess presenting symptoms bp? appearance of skin weight pulse consciousness cough? lab values |
pale, gray, red skin color localized swelling lethargy, seizures slow bounding pulse high blood pressure pulmonary congestion, cough, rales decreased hematocrit, decreased serum sodium , low specific gravity for urine high volume |
|
|
fluid deficit presentings how |
sunken, soft eyes decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes thirst, weight loss rapid weak thready pulse low blood pressure ortho hypotension fatigue weakness possible stupor increased body temp lab increased hematocrit increased electrolytes high specific gravity urine |
|
|
edeamtous tissue in skin is susceptible to tissue breakdown from what? |
pressure, abrasion, external chemicals. blood flwo is oftentimes impaired |
|
|
explain varicose veins |
vaicose veins are large dilated veins that have high hydrystatic pressure. this leads to edema in the interstitial area which increases interstitial pressure which restricts arterial blood flow preventing good blood supply hence the ulcers and fatigue skin breakdown. |
|
|
infants |
experience greater insensible water losses need for water is higher due to higher metabolic rate lack fluid reserves as well as ability to conserve fluid quickly |
|
|
hypotonic dehydration |
loss of more electrolytes than water
|
|
|
hypertonic dehydration |
loss of more fluids than electrolytes |
|
|
isotonic |
proportionate loss of fluid adn electrolytes |
|
|
why do electrolyte losss mateter with dehydration? |
electrolyte loss can alter the osmotic pressure change between compartments |
|
|
if more sodium is lost from ecf compartment than water, how will fluid move? |
water will move from the cell out to the insterstitial compartment and the cell will shrink |
|
|
common causes of dehydration |
vomiting and diarrhea: loss of numerous electrolytes and nutrients such as glucose as well as water excessive sweating with loss of sodium adn water diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of fluid, electrolyte and glucose in urine insufficient water intake in elderly or unconscious person use of ocncentrated formulate in an attemptto provide more nutrition to baby |
|
|
compensations body goes through in attempt to make up for fluid loss |
increase thirst increase heart rate constrict cutaneous blood vessels leading to pale cool skin produce less urine and concentrate urine increasing specific gravity as a result of renal vasoconstriction adn increased secretion of ADH and aldosteron |
|
|
what is the primary cation in ECF |
sodium |
|
|
diffusion of sodium occurs |
between vascular nad interstitial fluids |
|
|
sodium transport is controlled by... |
sodium potassium pump sodium higher in ECF and low inside cell actively secreted into mucus and other body secretions. exists in body primarily in the form of salts sodium chloride and sodium bicarb |
|
|
how is sodium lose in body |
perspiration, urine, feces |
|
|
what controls sodium levels |
kidneys through action of aldosterone |
|
|
why is sodium iportant |
essential in conduction of nerve impulses and muscular contraction |
|
|
why would drinking gatorade be better than drinking tap water after vomiting |
it's replenishing the electrolytes as well as the water to the ECF instead of just restoring water. just replacing with water and no electrolytes will still keep the serumsodium low |
|
|
causes of hyponatremia |
excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea use of certain diuretic drugs with low salt daets hormonal imabalances like low ald, adrenal insufficiency, excess adh early chronic renal failure excessive water intake
|
|
|
ssx of hyponatremia |
anorexia, nausea, cramps fatigue, abdominal discomfort, lethargy, muscle weakness headache confusion seizures decreased blood pressure |
|
|
causes of hypernatremia |
loss of thirst mechanism watery diarrhea prolonged periods of rapid respiration insufficient ADH which results in large volume of dilute urine |
|
|
major intracellular cation |
potassium |
|
|
acidosis tends to shfit potassium |
out of the cells into the extracellular fluids |
|
|
alkalosis tends to shift |
potassium into the cells. |
|
|
insulin's impact on potassium? |
insulin allows movment of potassium into the cells.
|
|
|
potassium levels are influenced by the acid base balance how |
acidosis: H+ comes into your blood pushing potassium out, leading to hyperkalemia
alkalosis: opposite result |
|
|
hypokalemia (<2mmol per liter ) |
caused by excessive loss of potassium from body dueto diarrhea diuresis associated with certain diuretic drugs presence of excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body decreased dietary intake which may occur with alcoholism eating disorders or starvation
hypokalemia leads to increases in toxicitiy of heart medications such as digitalis |
|
|
effects of hypokalemia |
cardiac dysrhythmias are serious, showing ECG patterns of prolonged depolarization and eventually may lead to cardiac arrest paresthesias pin adn needles decreased digestive tract motility causes decreased appetite respiratory muscles become weak leading to shallow respirations renal function impaired leading to failure to oncentrate urine
|
|
|
cuases of hypocalcemia |
alkalosis hypoparathyroidism malabsorption syndrome deficient serum albumin increased serum pH renal failure, hypocalcemia results from retention of phosphate ion |
|
|
effects of hypocalcemia |
muscle twitching--> tetany, spasm, carpopedal aspasm, Chvostek's sign, etc. laryngo spasm weak heart contractions--> arrythmias mental confusion, irritability
|
|
|
hypercalcemia |
uncontrolled release of calcium from bones due to neoplasms; malignant tumors hyperparathyroidism immobility which decreases stress on the bone leading to demineralizing increased intake of calciumd ue to either excessive vitamin D or excess dietary calcium milk alkali syndrome associated with increased milk and anatacid intake |
