Fluid Balance

Front 1

Intracellular fluid

Back 1

42% of total body weight

Front 2

Extracellular fluid

Back 2

17% of total body weight

Front 3

Hypertonic solution

Back 3

A solution of higher osmotic pressure, 3% sodium chloride, pulls fluid from cells, causing them to shrink.

Front 4

Hypotonic solution

Back 4

A solution of lower osmotoc pressure, 0.45 sodium chloride, moves fluid into the cells, causing them to enlarge.

Front 5

Isotonic solution

Back 5

A solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma - normal saline, 0.9% sodium chloride, expand the body's fluid volume without causing a fluid shift.

Front 6

Osmosis

Back 6

k

Front 7

Osmotic pressure

Back 7

k

Front 8

Diffusion

Back 8

mj

Front 9

Filtration

Back 9

j

Front 10

Active transport

Back 10

l

Front 11

Fluid intake

Back 11

c

Front 12

Hormonal regulation

Back 12

cc

Front 13

Fluid output regulation

Back 13

cc

Front 14

Regulation of electrolytes
Cationes

Back 14

c

Front 15

Sodium Regulation

Back 15

135 - 145 mEq/L
Most abundant cation - 90%. Major contributers to maintaining water balance. Sodium intake is regulated by dietary intake and aldosterone secretion.
HYPONATREMIA - lower-than-normal concentration of sodium in the blood (serum), which can occur with a net sodium or net water loss. Occurs frequently in seiously ill patients.
vomiting, diarrhea, kidney disease resulting in salt wasting, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, excessive persirations, burns, polydipsia. Signs and symptoms - personality change, postural hypotension, postural dizziness, abdominal cramping, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, convulsions, coma.
HYPERNATREMIA - greater-than-normal concentrations of sodium.
Excess salt intake, Axcess aldosterone secretion, diabetes insipidus, increased senible and insensible water loss, water deprivation. Signs&symptoms - extreme thirst, dry and flushed skin, dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes, postural hypotension, fever, agitation, convulsions, restlessness, irritability

Front 16

Potassium regulation

Back 16

3.5 - 5 mEq/L
Major electrolyte in the intracellular compartment.
Regulates may metabolic activities and is necessary for glycogen deposits in the liver and skeletal muscle, transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, normal cardiac conduction and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
Dietary intake and renal excretion regulate K.
The body conserves K poorly, so any condition that increases urine output decreases the serum K concentration.
HYPOKALEEMIA - use of potassium-wasting diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, alkalosis, excess aldosterone secretion, polyuria, sxtreme sweating, excessive use of potassium-free IV solutions, Signs&symptoms - weakness and fatigues, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting, intestinal distention, decreased bowel sounds, decreased deep tendon reflexes, ventricular dysrhythmias, paresthesias and weak, irregular pulse.
HYPERKALEMIA - renal failure, fluid volume deficit, massive cellular damage such as from burns and trauma. Adrenal insufficiency, acidosis, rapid infusion of stored blood, use of potassium-sparing diuretics. Signs&symptoms - anxiety, dysrhythmias, paresthesia, weakness, abdominal cramps, diarrhea. ECG abnormalties: peaked T wave and widened QRS complex (bradycardia, heart block, dysrhythmias); eventually QRS pattern widens and cardiac arrest occurs.

Front 17

Calcium regulation

Back 17

Stored in bone, plasma and body cells.
Calcium is necessary for bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.
HYPOCALCEMIA - rapid administration of blood transfusions containing citrate, hypoalbuminemia, hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, pancreatitis, alkalosis, chronic renal failure, chronic alcoholism. Signs&symptoms - numbness and tingling of fingers and circumoral (around the mouth) region, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped.
HYPERCALCEMIA - hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, acidosis. Signs&symptoms - anorexia, nausea and vomiting, weakness, hypoactive reflexes, lethargy, flank pain (from kidney stones), decreased level of consciousness, personality changes, cardiac arrest.Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level 25 mg/100 mL and elevated creatinine level 1.5 mg/100 mL caused by fluid volume deficit or renal damage caused by urolithiasis; ECH abnormalties: heart block.

Front 18

Magnesium regulation

Back 18

1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
Essential for enzyme activities, neurochemical activities, and cardiac and skeletal muscle excitability.
Regulated by dietary intake, renal mechanisms, and actions of the parathyroid hormone. About 50-60% is contained within the bone.
HYPOMAGNESEMIA - malnutrition and alcoholism, diarrhea, vomiting, nasogastric drainage, fistulas, diseases of small intestine, excessive loss resulting from thiazide diuretics, aldosterone excess, polyuria. Signs&symptoms - muscular tremors, hyperactive deep tendon reflex, confusion and disorientation, tachycardia, hypertension, dysrhythmias.
HYPERMAGNESEMIA - renal failure, excess oral or parenteral intake of magnesium. Signs&symptoms - acute elevations in magnesium levels:hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, decreased depth and rate of respirations, hypotension, flushing. Prolonged QT intercal, AV block.

Front 19

Regulation of electrolytes
Aniones

Back 19

f

Front 20

Chloride regulation

Back 20

95-105 mEq/L
Major anion in ECF. The transport of chloride follows sodium. Regulated by dietary intake and the kidneys.

Front 21

Bicarbonate regulation

Back 21

d

Front 22

Phosphorus-Phosphate regulation

Back 22

d

Front 23

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Back 23

d

Front 24

Chemical regulation

Back 24

d

Front 25

Biological regulation

Back 25

d

Front 26

Physiological regulation

Back 26

d