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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the range for Hyponatremia
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Na+ < 135 mEq/L
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What is the normal range for sodium?
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135-145 mEq/L
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What is the range for Hypernatremia
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Na+ >145 mEq/L
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What are the clinical manifestions for hyponatremia
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nausea vomiting diarrhea postural hypotension tacycardia, sz, coma anorexia, apprehension
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What causes hyponatremia?
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adrenal insufficiency, loss from kidneys sweat GI low intake diruetics, SIADH
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What is the treatment for hyponatremia?
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treat underlying cause IV replacement of Na+ increase Na+ intake restrict H2O
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?
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dry sticky tongue seizures irritability fever dry flushed skin
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What are the causes of hypernatremia?
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increased Na+ intake iagrogenic decreased H20 intake increased aldosterone
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What is the treatment for hypernatremia
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decrease Na+ intake hypotonic IV solutions or IV of d5w treat underlying cause
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What is the normal range for calcium?
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4.5-5.5 mg/dL
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What is the range for hypocalcemia?
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<4.5 mg/dL EKG abnormalities
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What are the clinical manifestations for hypocalcemia?
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parethesias, hyperactive reflexes tetany, muscle cramps, pathological fractures
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What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
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pancreatitis, vit D deficiency, rapid admin of blood w/citrate, hypoalbuminemia, hypoparathyroidism
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What is the treatment of hypocalcemia?
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IV Ca+ gluconate, Ca+ w/Vit D supplements increase dietary intake
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What is the range for hypercalcemia?
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>5.5 mg/dL
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia?
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anorexia, nausea/vomiting hypoactive reflexes weakness, lethargy low back pain (stones) decreased LOC cardiac arrest
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What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
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osteometastasis, Paget's disease, osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism
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What is the treatment for hypercalcemia?
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Lasix, increase fluids
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What is the normal range for potassium?
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3.5-5.0
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What is the range for hypokalemia?
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<3.5 mEq/L or an abnormal EKG
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What are the clinical manifestations for hypokalemia?
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weakness, fatigue, decreased muscle tone, weak irregular pulse, parethesias, < bowel sounds
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What are the causes for hypokalemia?
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diarrhea, vmomiting, gastric sx, increased aldosterone, polyuria, sweting, iatrogenic diurectics that waste K+
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What is the treatment for hypokalemia?
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increase intake oral K+ supplements IV fluids w/added K+
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What is the range for hyperokalmia?
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>5.0 mEq/L or an abnormal EKG
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What are the clinical manifestations of hyperoklemia?
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anxiety, paresthesias, weakness, diarrhea, dysrhythmias
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What is the normal range for K+?
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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What is the normal range for magnesium?
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1.5-2.5 mEq/L
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What is range for hypomagnesemia?
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<1.5 mEq/L
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What are the clinical manifestations for hypomagnesemia?
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tremors, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, confusion, dysrhythmias
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What is the cause of hypomagnesema?
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low intake (alcoholism, malnutrition) gastric aspiration, M/V, diuretic use, small bowel fistulas, polyuria
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What is the treatment of hypomagnesemia?
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IV replacement (IV mag sulfate) oral replacement increase dietary intake
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What is the range for hypermagnesemia?
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>2.5 mEq/L
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What are the clinical manifestations for hypermagnesemia?
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hypoactive deep tendon reflexes rate/depth resp decreases, hypotension, flushing
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What are the causes for hypermagnesemia?
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renal faiure, excessive intake
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What is the treatment for hypermagnesemia?
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IV calcium gluconate loop diruetics IV fluids, NS or LR dialysis if severe
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