Fluid And Electrolyte Balance

Front 1

Describe fluid balance

Back 1

water in = water out

Front 2

Describe electrolyte balance

Back 2

no net gain or loss of ions in the body fluids

Front 3

The term electrolyte is synonymous with the word:

Back 3

ion

Front 4

Describe acid-base balance

Back 4

Hydrogen production = hydrogen loss

Front 5

Concepts of fluid and electrolyte balance:

Back 5

receptors monitor plasma volume or osmolality

Front 6

What is Water Intoxication

Back 6

Over consumption of water that causes the level of electrolytes to become overly diluted. The intracellular compartment is more concentrated than extracellular compartment so water moves into the cells. can lead to seizures and death

Front 7

Describe the Intracellular compartment (ICF)

Back 7

Composed of the fluid within the trillions of cells in the body. Makes up about 40% of the body weight

-serves as a "fluid reservoir" because the volume in ICF is greater than ECF

Front 8

What is the Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Back 8

-Interstitial fluid (bathes the tissues)

-Plasma (liquid portion of blood)

-Lymph Fluid (CSF and synovial)

-makes up 20% of body weight

Front 9

Composition of ICF

Back 9

1. [K]+ and [Mg+] high

2. [HPO-4] high

3. [proteins] high

Front 10

Composition of ECF

Back 10

1. [Na+] high

2. [Cl-] high

3. [HCO-3] high

Front 11

Water moves into the...... area

Back 11

more concentrated

Front 12

What are the 3 causes of edema

Back 12

1. a change in the [electrolytes] in either compartment

2. capillary pressures

3. inflammation

Front 13

What are the 3 principles that regulate thirst?

Back 13

1. hypothalamic receptors (monitor osmolality of the plasma)

2.arterial baroreceptors (decrease in BP sends signals to the thirst center)

3. juxaglomerular apparatus (renin is released to eventually increase thirst)

Front 14

When individuals who are dehydrated drink in response to thirst....

Back 14

they do not consume the total amount of water required to come back to electrolyte balance at one time

Front 15

What are 2 mechanisms which act to interrupt water intake?

Back 15

1. When the oral mucosa becomes wet, sensory receptors signal the hypothalamus and the sensation of thirst is diminished

2. The increase in fluid intake causes a stretch in the GI tract which sends signals to hypothalamus and thirst is decreased.

Front 16

What are the 3 routes of water loss

Back 16

1. urine (61%)

2. evaporation (35%)

3. feces (4%)

Front 17

What are 4 factors that affect water losses

Back 17

1. excessive perspiration

2. inadequate water intake

3. repeated vomiting/diarrhea

4. lowered osmolality of plasma

(high fever)

Front 18

Fluid loss mainly occurs from the...

Back 18

Extracellular compartment (not from inside the cells)

Front 19

What does regulation of the fluid volume by the kidney do?

Back 19

helps to keep the body fluid content within a narrow homeostatic range

Front 20

What are the 3 hormones of water balance

Back 20

1. ADH- conserve water

2. Aldosterone- sodium retention in the kidney

3. ANH- acts in opposition with ADH and aldosterone

Front 21

What are the 3 Neural Mechanisms that affect fluid volume

Back 21

1. The baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries

2. Stretch

3. Juxaglomerular apparatus

Front 22

What is electrolyte balance?

Back 22

Regulation of Intracellular Fluid Composition

Front 23

The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance involves what ion

Back 23

potassium

Front 24

At the kidney, High [K+] stimulates... and Low [K+] would....

Back 24

aldosterone release

decrease aldosterone release

Front 25

What do Acids give?

Back 25

H+

Front 26

What do bases take

Back 26

H+, usually OH- acts as a base

Front 27

pH is a measure of the

Back 27

[H+]

Front 28

What is the pH of blood

Back 28

7.35-7.45

Front 29

The nervous and cardiovascular systems are sensitive to changes in

Back 29

pH

Front 30

Buffers protect the body by

Back 30

preventing drastic changes in pH

Front 31

What are the 3 important buffer systems in the body?

Back 31

The HCO-3 buffer system

Protein buffer system

PO-4 buffers

Front 32

pH cannot get below...

Back 32

4.5 or pumps top and H+ cannot be dumped. So we buffer the urine to keep pH above 4.5

Front 33

What is the most common challenge in acid-base equilibrium?

Back 33

respiratory acidosis. tissues generate much CO2 and few minutes of hypoventilation can cause acidosis

Front 34

Possible causes of acute respiratory acidosis are?

Back 34

1. chemoreceptors fail to respond OR

2. ventilation cannot be increased (LUNGS) OR

3. circulation to the lungs is inadequate (HEART)

Front 35

Metabolic acidosis

Back 35

1. impaired ability to excrete H+ at the kidney

2. large amount of organic or fixed acids

3. severe bicarbonate loss (chronic diarrhea)

Front 36

Metabolic alkalosis

Back 36

rare. due to the loss of acids, especially stomach acids through vomiting.