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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ADH
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controls the reabsorption of water into the blood from the kidney tubules
makes urine more concentrated decreases urine volume |
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aldosterone
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reabsorption of Na and water from kindey tubules
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factors that increase ADH
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pain
nausea vomiting stress decrease blood volume |
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causes of edema
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increased capillary hydrostatic press.
decreased plasma osmotic press. (caused by decreased plasma prot) obstruction of lymphatic circulation increased cap. permeability |
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hypoatremia range
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low serum sodium level
<135 mEq/L |
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cause of hyponatremia
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direct loss of sodium from body
excess of water in extracell compart. (dilution of sodium) |
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effects of hyponatremia
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impaired nerve conduction
brain swelling hypovolemia decreased blood pressure |
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signs of hyponatremia
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nausea
cramps fatigue abdominal discomfort headache confusion |
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hypernatremia
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excessive sodium level in blood and ECF
>145mEq/L |
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cause of hypernatreamia
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imgestion of large amounts of Na w/o water
loss of water from body that is faster than loss of Na |
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physio causes of hypernatremia
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watery diarrhea
prolonged rapid respiration insufficient ADH loss of thirst mechanism |
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effects of hypernatremia
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fluid shift out of cells
increased osmotic pressure of ECF |
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signs of hypernatremia
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weakness
agitation edema high BP thirst dry rough mucous membranes |
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hypokalemia
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serum level of K is low
<3.5 mEq/L |
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causes of hypokalemia
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diarrhea
NPO orders fasting |
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effects of hypokalemia
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cardiac dysrhythmias
fatigue/muscle weekness parasthesias polyuria respiratory paralysis diminished bowel sounds abdominal distention |
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hyperkalemia
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rise in serum K levels in ECF
>5mEq/L |
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causes of hyperkalemia
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renal failure
deficit of aldosterone prolonged acidosis crushing injury |
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effects of hyperkalemia
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arrhythmias
cardiac arrest nausea diarrhea muscle weakness fatigue |
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Ca
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extracellular cation
controlled by PTH and calcitonin |
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plasma calcium present in 3 forms
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unbound
bound to plasma proteins (albumin) bount to small organic ions (citrate) |
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total serum calcium is a measure of
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all Ca (bound and unbound)
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hypocalcemia
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serum Ca drops
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causes of hypocalcemia
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hypoparathyroidism
malabsorption decreased intake |
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clinical manifistations of hypocalcemia
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tetany--infoluntary muscle spasms
tingling fingers mental confusion arrhythmias |
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cause of hypercalcemia
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uncontrolled realase of Ca from bones due to neoplasms
hyperparathyroidism immobility-->demineralization increased intake of Ca |
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effects of hypercalcemia
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depressed neuromuscular activity
less abs of water-->polyuria develop arrhythmias |
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causes of hypomagnesemia
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malabsorption or manlnutrition associated with chronic alcoholism
over use of diuretics diabetic ketoacidosis hyperparathyroisims |
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effect of hypomagnesemia
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tremors
chorea (involuntarry repetitive movements) insomnia personality changes increased HR with arrhythmias |
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effects of hypermagnesemia
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decreased reflexes
lethargy cardiac arrhthmias |
