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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six functions of the skeletal system?
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-movement
-protection -support -maintain mineral balance -produce blood cells -store energy |
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What are the two primary minerals stored in bone?
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Calcium and Phosphorus
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What are the five categories of bone?
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-flat bones
-short bones -irregular bones -sesamoid bones -long bones |
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In an adult, which bones contain red marrow?
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proximal femur and humerus, pelvis, flat bones of the skull, sternum, ribs and vertebrae
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Where are lipids stored in bone?
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yellow marrow
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What are flat bones and what is their primary function?
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-cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapula
-they generally protect organs |
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What are short bones?
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They are primarily cube shaped, such as the carpals and tarsals
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What are examples of irregular bones?
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vertebrae, clavicle
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What are sesamoid bones?
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sesame-seed shaped bones that float in a tendon, usually in areas of considerable friction (for example, the patella)
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What are the eight parts of long bones?
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-diaphysis
-epiphysis -metaphysis -articular cartilage -periosteum -medullary cavity -endosteum -epiphysial plate |
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What is the diaphysis?
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the shaft of a long bone
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What is the epiphysis?
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the ends of a long bone
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What is the metaphysis?
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In a mature bone, the area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis
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What is the articular cartilage?
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the cartilage that covers the epiphysis of long bones, where two bones articulate. It is made of slippery cartilage called hyaline
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What is the periosteum?
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a connective tissue membrane around a long bone, consisting of two layers: an outer fibrous CT, and an inner osteogenic portion
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What does osteogenic mean?
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producing bone cells
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What does hemopoesis mean?
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the production of blood cells
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What is the endosteum?
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CT lining the medullary cavity
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What is the epiphysial plate?
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a cartilaginous plate in the metaphysis where bone growth occurs Also called the growth plate.
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What are the two types of bone tissue?
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compact bone and spongy bone
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Where is compact bone tissue found?
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in the external lining of all bones and the bulk of the diaphyses in long bones
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Where is spongy bone tissue found?
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in the epiphyses of long bones, and it is the main component of flat, short and irregular bones
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What are the four types of bone cells?
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-osteoprogenitor cells
-osteoblasts -osteocytes -osteoclasts |
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What are osteoprogenitor cells?
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They develop into osteoblasts. They are the only bone cells capable of dividing and reproducing (same as osteogenic cells)
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What are osteoblasts?
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-Immature bone cells
-They secrete collagen and other organic materials--the matrix |
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What are osteocytes?
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-Mature bone cells.
-They maintain bone tissue |
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What are osteoclasts?
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-They develop from a special kind of white blood cell called a monocyte
-They break down bone (resorption) and help maintain blood calcium levels |
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What is the matrix of bone tissue made up of?
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75% mineral salts
25% collagen fibers |
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What two mineral salts are important in the development and maintenance of bone and why?
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tricalcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
calcium carbonate They crystallize between and around the collagen fibers and give the bone its hardness (the process of calcification and mineralization) |
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What gives bone its compressive strength?
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mineralization (calcification)
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What gives bone its pliability and tensile strength?
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collagen
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What is the medullary cavity?
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the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone
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What is the articular cartilage?
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a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis
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What is the lining of the medullary cavity called?
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endosteum
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What is the process of blood cell formation called?
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hemopoesis
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In what part of the bone are blood cells formed?
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red bone marrow
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What are trabeculae?
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needle-like threads of spongy bone
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What is the composition of cartilage?
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fibers embedded in a firm gel
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What structures connect the lacunae?
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canaliculi
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What are chondrocytes?
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cartilage cells
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The location of the growth plate is the...?
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metaphysis
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Appositional bone growth proceeds from the...?
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periosteum and endosteum
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Where is compact bone found?
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in the diaphysis and at the outer edges of all bone
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What is bone remodeling?
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the response by bone tissue to a variety of stressors including hormones, posture, nutrition, activity muscle attachments, etc, which have an effect on bone shape, size, bony landmarks, etc
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What is ossification?
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The process of forming bone tissue
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What are the two types of ossification?
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intramembranous and endochondral
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Where does intramembranous ossification occur?
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in the flat skull bones, mandilble and clavicles
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Which ossification process involves a direct route from fibrous CT to bone?
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intramembranous
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What is endochondral ossification and how does it happen?
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--replacement of cartilage by bone.
--embryonic mesenchymal cell group together in the shape of a bone at the site where the bone will develop. The cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which secrete a cartilage matrix and form a hyaline cartilage model in the shape of the future long bone. A perichondrium surrounds the model. |
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What are the two ways that bone growth occurs?
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appositional and interstitial
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What happens in appostitional bone growth?
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The bone gets thicker due to growth around the periosteum
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What happens in interstitial bone growth?
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The bone gets longer due to growth at the epiphyseal plate
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What are the four layers of the epiphyseal plate?
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-zone of resting cartilage
-zone of proliferating cartilage -zone of hypertrophic cartilage -zone of calcified cartilage |
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What is a fracture hematoma?
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the clot that forms in the first 6-8 hours after a fracture occurs
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What is granulation tissue?
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new growth of capillaries in the area of a fracture hematoma
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What is a fibrocartilage callus made of?
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cartilage matrix, some bony matrix and collagen fibers--sometimes also called a procallus, it bridges the ends between the broken ends of the bone
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What happens when osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area of a fibrocartilage callus?
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osteoblasts and osteoclasts gradually replace the fibrocartilage callus with a bony callus
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What is a simple fracture?
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a clean break that doesn't penetrate the skin
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What is a compound fracture?
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when a broken bone has penetrated the skin
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What is a comminuted fracture?
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a splintered fracture
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What is a spiral fracture?
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a break with ragged edges as a result of a twisting break
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What is a greenstick fracture?
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when the bone breaks incompletely, common in kids
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What is a stress fracture?
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microscopic breaks as a result of repeated impact activities
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What is a Pott's fracture?
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a serious rupture of the tibiofibular joint
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What is a Colle's fracture?
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the distal end of the radius is displaced posteriorly (within an inch of articulation)
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What is a joint articulation?
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The point at which two bones, or cartilage and bone, contact one another
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What are the two types of classification for joints?
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Structural or Functional
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What are the three structural classifications of joints?
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fibrous
cartilaginous synovial |
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What are the three functional classifications of joints?
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synarthrotic--no movment
amphiarthrotic--some movement diarthrotic--freely movable |
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What are the six subtypes of diarthrotic joints?
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gliding
hinge pivot ellipsoidal/condyloid saddle ball and socket |
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Movement of diarthrotic joints is based on what five factors?
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-shape
-strength/tension -muscles -appostition of soft tissues -hormones |
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What bones are always hemopoeitic?
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proximal femur and humerus, pelvis, flat bones of skulll, sternum, ribs and scapulae
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Which bone cells help maintain blood calcium levels?
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osteoclasts
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What bridges the ends of broken bone in a healing fracture?
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fibrocartilage callus
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What are perforating (Volkmann's) canals?
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openings in the periosteum through which blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves enter the Haversian canals
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What are lamellae?
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Concentric rings of hard calcified matrix that surround the haversian canals
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What are lacunae?
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small oval spaces between the lamellae. Osteocytes inhabit the lacunae.
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What are canaliculi?
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miniature canals projecting outward in all directions from the lacunae, which connect the lacunae to each other and eventually to the Haversian canal where the blood supply is located
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What is a Haversian system?
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The arrangement of central canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes and canaliculi.
Also known as an osteon |
