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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The exchange of gases between the air and blood is made possible by the process of...?
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Diffusion
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Name the paranasal sinuses.
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frontal
sphenoid maxillary ethmoid |
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What are the five functions of the respiratory system?
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-respiration (exchange of gases)
-olfaction -warm, moisten and filter air -sound production -regulate blood pH |
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What happens to the thoracic cavity during expiration?
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It decreases in size
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What happens to the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
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It increases in size
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The exchange of gases that occurs between blood in tissue capillaries and the body cells is called...?
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internal respiration
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What is RESIDUAL VOLUME?
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Air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
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What is EUPNEA?
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a normal respiratory rate
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What is DYSPNEA?
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labored or difficult breathing
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What is APNEA?
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a momentary cessation of breathing
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Where are the respiratory control centers located?
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the medulla and pons of the brain
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What's another name for the external nares?
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nostrils
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What does the epiglottis do?
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It's a trapdoor-like cartilage that partially cover the opening of the larynx and keeps food from entering the trachea by closing during swallowing
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What lies behind the thyroid cartilage?
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the arytenoid cartilages and the vocal folds
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What's another name for the thyroid cartilage?
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Adam's apple
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What is the shape of the cartilage rings of the trachea and why?
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They are c-shaped to accommodate large pieces of food passing down the esophagus
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How does the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract protect the body?
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The mucus traps foreign particles and the cilia move them up and out of the respiratory tract
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What gas controls our need to exhale?
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CO2
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What would slow down or block the rate of diffusion across the alveoli?
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Any increase in the distance over which the exchange must take place, such as in pulmonary edema or pneumonia
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In what phase of pulmonary ventilation is intrapulmonary pressure decreased?
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inhalation
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In what phase of pulmonary ventilation is intrapulmonary pressure increased?
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exhalation
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What is the most passive phase of breathing?
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tidal volume
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What are the lung volumes that correspond to the phases of breathing?
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-Tidal volume
-Inspiratory reserve volume -expiratory reserve volume -Residual volume |
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What is TIDAL VOLUME?
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The volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath while at rest
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What is INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME?
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The amount of air able to be inhaled in addition to tidal volume
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What is EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME?
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The amount of air able to be forcibly exhaled in addition to tidal volume exhalation
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What is RESIDUAL VOLUME?
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Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
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What is VITAL CAPACITY?
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The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume (taking the deepest breath you can and exhaling as long as you can)
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What is TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY?
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The total sum of vital capacity (inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus tidal volume) plus residual volume
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What are the functions of the nose?
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-to bring in air and warm, moisten and filter it
-to act as a resonating chamber for sound -it's the place where olfactory receptors reside |
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What bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
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ethmoid bone
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What is the pharynx?
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A five-inch, funnel shaped tube exteding from the internal nares to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx
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What are the three portions of the pharynx?
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-nasopharynx
-oropharynx -laryngopharynx |
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The laryngopharynx is continuous with what two structures?
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with the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly
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What is the larynx?
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Also called the voice box, it connects the pharynx to the trachea and is the place of sound production
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Where does the larynx reside?
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at the level of the fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae
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How many cartilaginous structures make up the larynx?
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nine
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Where is the cricoid cartilage?
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below the thyroid cartilage
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What and where is the TRACHEA?
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Commonly known as the windpipe, it runs from the larynx to the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into the left and right pulmonary bronchi
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What is the structure of the trachea?
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16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings. The opening of the C faces posteriorly to the esophagus and is made up of smooth muscle and elastic fiber in order to accommodate large food particles moving down the esophagus
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What is the composition of the bronchi?
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cartilaginous rings, smooth muscle and connective tissue
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What do the primary bronchi divide into?
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secondary or lobular bronchi
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What do the secondary bronchi divide into?
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tertiary bronchi
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What do tertiary bronchi divide into?
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bronchioles
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What do bronchioles divide into?
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terminal bronchioles
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What do terminal bronchioles divide into?
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respiratory bronchioles
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What do respiratory bronchioles divide into?
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alveolar ducts
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At what level of the respiratory tract are the cartilaginous rings replaced with smooth muscle?
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At the bronchioles
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Why is the smooth-muscle construction of the bronchioles important?
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It allows them to deflate upon exhalation, they can be dilated or constricted by nerve stimulation
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Does sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system lead to bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation? What is an example of sympathetic stimulation?
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bronchodilation
exercise |
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Does parasympathetic stimulation of the respiratory system lead to bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation?
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bronchoconstriction
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What effect do allergic mediators (histamines) have on the bronchioles?
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bronchoconstriction
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What is the top of the lungs called?
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Apex or cupola
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What is the hilus?
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The area where all the vessels, nerves, lymphatics and bronchi enter the lung tissue
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What is the pleura?
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Two layers of serous membrane that cover the lungs and hilus
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What are the two layers of the pleura?
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the outer parietal pleura, and the inner visceral pleura
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What is between the two layers of the pleura?
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pleural fluid
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How many lobes does each lung have?
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3 on the right, 2 on the left
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Which lung is larger, right or left?
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right
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What is a brachiopulmonary segment?
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a segment of lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus
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What is a lobule?
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-one of the many small compartements that make up each bronchopulmonary segment
-it is the main functional unit of the lung |
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What do alveolar ducts divide into?
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alveolar sacs, then alveoli
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What is the function of surfactant in the lungs and what cells produce it?
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It keeps the walls of the alveoli from sticking together upon exhalation and it is produced by type 2 alveolar cells
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What do alveolar macrophages do?
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They prevent the alveoli from becoming clogged with dust or debris. Also known as dust cells
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
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the movement of gases into and out of our lungs from the external environment
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What is EXTERNAL RESPIRATION?
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The exchange of gases between the alveolus and the blood
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What is INTERNAL RESPIRATION?
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the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cels
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What muscles contract during normal or quiet inhalation (inspiration)?
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the diaphragm and external intercostals
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During active or forceful inhalation (inspiration), which accessory muscles are activated?
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scalenes, SCM, pec minor
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What are the muscle actions that take place during normal or quiet exhalation (expiration)?
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The diaphragm and external intercostals relax
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What muscles assist during forceful or active exhalation (expiration)?
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The internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
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What role do the medulla oblongata and the pons play in respiration?
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-the medulla controls the neural regulation of inspiration and expiration
-the pons coordinates the transitions between inspiration and expiration |
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What role does the cerebral cortex play in respiration?
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It allows us to consciously decide when and how we wish to breathe, but will be overridden if the concentration of CO2 becomes too high
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