Flsm Digestive System

Front 1

What is the gastrointestinal tract? What is another name for it?

Back 1

--a hollow tube starting at the mouth and ending at the anus
--alimentary canal

Front 2

What are the accessory structures of the digestive system?

Back 2

teeth
salivary glands
tongue
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

Front 3

All living organisms are made of what three basic molecules?

Back 3

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

Front 4

What are carbohydrates broken down into in digestion?

Back 4

monosaccharides, or simple sugars

Front 5

What are proteins broken down into in digestion?

Back 5

amino acids

Front 6

What are lipids broken down into in digestion?

Back 6

fatty acids and glycerol

Front 7

How are lipids, proteins and carbohydrates broken down into their building block components?

Back 7

They are chemically broken down by catalyst molecules called ENZYMES

Front 8

What are the four layers of the walls of the GI tract, inside to outside?

Back 8

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa

Front 9

What is the submucosa?

Back 9

The second innermost layer of the GI tract, it contains larger blood vessels and nerves

Front 10

What is the muscularis?

Back 10

Two layers of smooth muscle outside the submucosa. One layer is circular, one longitudinal, and the stomach has an extra oblique layer. The muscularis is responsible for peristalsis.

Front 11

What is the serosa?

Back 11

The outermost layer of the GI tract, also called the visceral peritoneum. It is a strong connective tissue that holds the organs together and anchors them in the abdominal cavity

Front 12

What is the peritoneum?

Back 12

-the largest serous membrane in the body
-two layers thick: an epithelial layer and and underlying layer of CT

Front 13

What is the difference between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum?

Back 13

-parietal lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
-visceral covers the organs in the cavity

Front 14

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Back 14

The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, which is filled with serous fluid.

Front 15

What is found in the large folds of the peritoneum?

Back 15

blood and lymph vessels, nerves, Peyers Patches (lymph nodes)

Front 16

Which peritoneum binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

Back 16

Mesentery

Front 17

Which peritoneum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

Back 17

Mesocolon

Front 18

Which peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?

Back 18

Falciform ligament

Front 19

Which peritoneum is made up of two folds that suspend the stomach and duodenum from the liver?

Back 19

Lesser omentum

Front 20

Which peritoneum fold over part of the large colon and small intestine, and is also known as the "fatty apron?"

Back 20

Greater omentum

Front 21

What chemicals are contained in saliva?

Back 21

salivary amylase
lipase
lysozome
mucin

Front 22

What is a bolus?

Back 22

Food mixed with saliva

Front 23

What is the pharynx?

Back 23

a five-inch funnel-shaped tube connecting the oral cavity to the esophagus

Front 24

What is the esophagus?

Back 24

a thin, 10-inch long tube extending from the pharynx to the upper portion of the stomach

Front 25

What is a sphincter?

Back 25

a ring of smooth muscle that opens and closes when stimulated by the nervous system

Front 26

What are the two sphincters of the stomach, and where are they found?

Back 26

The cardiac sphincter is at the start of the stomach, and the pyloric sphincter is at the end

Front 27

What are rugae?

Back 27

Wrinkles in the stomach lining that prevent it from collapsing when empty and allow it to expand when full

Front 28

What is secreted in the stomach?

Back 28

Pits in the mucosal layer of the stomach secrete an acidic juice that has enzymes that break down proteins and mucus to protect the stomach lining.

Front 29

What are gastric pits?

Back 29

tiny glandular invaginations in the lining of the stomach that produce gastric juice made up of water, pepsinogen, gastric lipase, HCl, intrinsic factor, gastrin, and mucus

Front 30

What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach?

Back 30

It lowers the pH and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Front 31

What is pepsin?

Back 31

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides

Front 32

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Back 32

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 33

At what point does the small intestine connect to the large intestine?

Back 33

ileocecal valve (connects ileum and cecum)

Front 34

What are VILLI?

Back 34

finger-like projections that absorb nutrients in the small intestine

Front 35

What is chyme?

Back 35

food as it leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter valve

Front 36

How long do nutrients spend in the small intestine?

Back 36

3-5 hours

Front 37

What are the four modifications of the mucosa in the small intestine?

Back 37

-single layer of columnar cells
-microvilli: brush-like border of the villi's columnar epithelial cells
-villi: fingerlike projections on the plicae
-circular folds called plicae

Front 38

What is a lacteal?

Back 38

a lymphatic drainage vessel in the villi that picks up the chylomicrons (conglomerations of fat) that the capillaries can't absorb and dumps them directly into the venous system

Front 39

What are duodenal papillae?

Back 39

two openings (major and minor) that empty into the duodenum from the common bile and pancreatic ducts

Front 40

What enzymes are released by the pancreas into the duodenum?

Back 40

-trypsin and chymotrypsin
-pancreatic amylases
-pancreatic lipases

(collectively called pancreatic juice)

Front 41

What does bile do?

Back 41

activates pancreatic juice and emulsifies fats

Front 42

What happens if the liver is not functioning properly?

Back 42

bilirubin is not broken down and circulates around the body causing jaudice

Front 43

What does bile contain?

Back 43

-bicarbonates that neutralize the acidity of the chyme
-bile salts that emulsify fats

Front 44

What does the gall bladder do?

Back 44

-serves as a reservoir for bile

Front 45

What are the sections of the large intestine?

Back 45

-cecum
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anus

Front 46

What are the two sphincters of the anus and how are they different?

Back 46

-internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle and is involuntary
-external anal sphincter: skeletal muscle, and is voluntary

Front 47

What are haustra?

Back 47

pouch-like structures throughout the large intestine that help with fecal formation and removal of excess water

Front 48

What are taeniae coli?

Back 48

three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. The teniae coli contracts length wise to produce the haustra, the bulges in the colon.

Front 49

What is mass peristalsis?

Back 49

When the taenia coli contract to pack the feces into the rectum and make more room in the digestive system

Front 50

Which of the layers of the digestive tube is responsible for peristalsis?

Back 50

muscularis

Front 51

The serosa that lines the surface of the alimentary canal is called the...?

Back 51

visceral peritoneum

Front 52

Which layer of the digestive tube is directly involved in absorption of food molecules?

Back 52

mucosa

Front 53

What is food called as it passes out of the stomach?

Back 53

chyme

Front 54

What is food called as it travels to the stomach?

Back 54

bolus

Front 55

What do you call the "wrinkles" in the stomach that allow it to expand and prevent it from completely deflating?

Back 55

rugae

Front 56

Substances secreted by the stomach come from the....?

Back 56

gastric pits

Front 57

The structure that empties the gall bladder contents into the first portion of the small intestine is...?

Back 57

the common bile duct

Front 58

Longitudinal muscle fibers gathering the large intestine into sacs or pouches is called...?

Back 58

taenia coli

Front 59

What do you call the ring of muscle fibers that regulates the passage of partially digested food between the stomach and small intestine?

Back 59

pyloric sphincter

Front 60

Proteins are absorbed into the small intestine as...?

Back 60

amino acids

Front 61

Carbohydrates are broken down and absorbed as...?

Back 61

monosaccharides

Front 62

What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

Back 62

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 63

What is the main purpose of HCl and pepsin in the stomach?

Back 63

facilitate protein digestion

Front 64

What pancreatic enzyme hydrolizes triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?

Back 64

pancreatic lipase

Front 65

Which gastric secretion digests protein into smaller peptide chains?

Back 65

pepsin

Front 66

Which portion of the small intestine receives ducts from the pancreas and gall bladder?

Back 66

duodenum

Front 67

Which portion of the alimentary canal has the greatest concentration of villi, lacteals, and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption?

Back 67

jejunum

Front 68

Which portion of the small intestine mucosa absorbs fat molecules that are too large to enter venous capillaries?

Back 68

lacteals

Front 69

Fat soluble vitamins A, E, D, and K are stored by the...?

Back 69

liver