Floods

Front 1

Drainage basin

Back 1

The fundamental unit for collection and distribution of water and sediment on the earths surface

Front 2

Divide

Back 2

Each drainage basin is separated from adjacent basins by a

Front 3

River valley

Back 3

A _______________ is a terrain in which a linear channel system is established.

Front 4

Interfluves

Back 4

____________ are land along divides which separate adjoining valleys.

Front 5

Stream order or stream rank

Back 5

Is assigned beginning with a rank of 1 (1st order) from streams that have no tributaries indicated with a blue line on a topographic map.

Front 6

Rank or order

Back 6

Where two streams of the same rank meet, the next channel segment goes up one _________________.

Front 7

Sinuosity

Back 7

Channel ____________ is the ratio between the length of the channel and the straight-line path length along the valley floor.

Front 8

Meandering

Back 8

A _____________ channel has a sinuosity greater than 1.5.

Front 9

Braided

Back 9

______________ river channels are favored by: erodible banks, abundant coarse sediment supply, and rapid changes in discharge.

Front 10

Erodible banks, abundant coarse sediment supply, and rapid changes in discharge.

Back 10

Braided river channels are favored by:

Front 11

Gradient

Back 11

River _________ is the vertical drop over a certain horizontal distance.

Front 12

Decrease

Back 12

River gradient tends to ___________ down-valley so that most rivers have a concave upward profile.

Front 13

Concave upward

Back 13

River gradient tends to decrease down-valley so that most rivers have a ___________________ profile.

Front 14

Base level

Back 14

_______________ is the limit to which a river can downcut it’s channel, an imaginary surface extending beneath the continents from sea level.

Front 15

Erosion

Back 15

_____________ occurs at cut banks on the outside of river bends.

Front 16

Deposition

Back 16

____________ occurs at the inside on point bars.

Front 17

Discharge

Back 17

River ___________ (Q) is the amount of water passing a given cross-section in a given amount of time.

Front 18

Q = w*d*v

Back 18

Simplified discharge calculation:

Front 19

Stage

Back 19

Flood _______ is the height to which the water rises above a stream gauge datum.

Front 20

Stream gauge datum

Back 20

Flood stage is the height to which the water rises above a ____________________.

Front 21

Depth

Back 21

Flood stage is usually somewhat different from the average ______ of flow used to calculate the discharge.

Front 22

Velocity

Back 22

Flow _________ increases downstream as the gradient decreases from the headwaters to the river mouth.

Front 23

Increases; Decreases

Back 23

Flow velocity _________ downstream as the gradient ____________ from the headwaters to the river mouth.

Front 24

Velocity and discharge

Back 24

Both _________ and _____________ increase during a flood because more water is flowing into a smaller space.

Front 25

Increase

Back 25

Both velocity and discharge ___________ during a flood because more water is flowing into a smaller space.

Front 26

Hydrograph

Back 26

A ____________ plots changes through time in discharge, depth, stage, or some other hydrological variable.

Front 27

Floods; snowmelt

Back 27

___________ can occur daily in areas of spring ______________, but usually come during particular seasons of the year or in a pattern determined by longer term atmospheric and climatic variation.

Front 28

Flash floods

Back 28

_________________ occur in the upper part of a drainage basin from intense rainfall of short duration falling over a small area.

Front 29

Flash floods

Back 29

_________________ occur in the upper part of a drainage basin from intense rainfall of short duration falling over a small area.

Front 30

Drainage basin

Back 30

Flash floods occur in the upper part of a ________________ from intense rainfall of short duration falling over a small area.

Front 31

Santa Elena Canyon of Big Bend NP

Big Thompson Canyon in Colorado Front Range

Back 31

Examples of flash flood:

Front 32

Downstream Floods

Back 32

__________________ cover a wide area when storms of long duration saturate the soil and produce increased runoff.

Front 33

Asia

Back 33

Worldwide, the greatest number of floods and of people killed as well as the greatest economic loss occurs in _______ compared to Europe, Africa, or the America’s.

Front 34

Indus River

Back 34

In July - August 2010, the _______________ flooded ~ 5,500 km2 including 20 percent of Pakistan.

Front 35

Pakistan

Back 35

In July - August 2010 the Indus River flooded ~ 5,500 km2 including 20 percent of ___________.

Front 36

Indus River flood

Back 36

Around 1800 deaths resulted as well as 100,000 dead cows

Front 37

Indus River flood

Back 37

An intense summer monsoon also played a role.

Front 38

Indus River flood

Back 38

Similar to the Mississippi River floods of 1993, the long levees which controlled floodwaters and channeled then to agricultural fields caused there to be multiple peaks in these floods.

Front 39

Flood frequency

Back 39

_________________ is calculated as a “recurrence interval” (R.I.) from the series of peak annual floods.

Front 40

10 year flood

Back 40

The _____________ is a flood for which R.I.= 10, and the probability is 1 in 10 (0.1) that a flood of that magnitude will occur in any given year.

Front 41

Frequency

Back 41

Floods of a given ____________ can be mapped by zones with a particular flood probability, an approach widely used by planners and insurance companies.

Front 42

Injury

Loss of life

Property damage

Loss of soil and vegetation

Pollution

Disease

Displacement

Back 42

Effects of floods

Front 43

Floods

Back 43

_________ were the number 1 disaster in the United state’s during the past century.

Front 44

Fertile food plains

Cleaning of aquatic habitats

New alluvial landforms

Back 44

Natural service functions of floods

Front 45

Agriculture

Back 45

____________ caused erosion of southeastern piedmont between 1850 and 1930.

Front 46

Topsoil and subsoil

Back 46

Gullies were filled with _________ and ________ eroded from farmland.

Front 47

Channels

Back 47

____________ have been incisions down between 1930 and the present

Front 48

Suburban

Back 48

_____________ development causes the greatest sediment yields, with up to 800 tons per square kilometer per year measured in the streams of the mid Atlantic by Wolman (1969).

Front 49

“Impervious surface”

Back 49

Sharp spike in sediment yield because erosion ceases once the drainage basin is turned into an ____________ by paving.

Front 50

Storm sewers

Back 50

In addition to impervious cover, _________________ result in more peaked hydrographs because they transfer runoff straight to channels.

Front 51

Levees

Dams

Retention ponds

Back 51

Flood protection:

Front 52

Effects of dams

Back 52

Upstream reaches afraid to new base level, downstream reaches incise and transport less sediment

Front 53

Effects of dams

Back 53

Upstream reaches afraid to new base level, downstream reaches incise and transport less sediment

Front 54

Channelization

Back 54

Intended to control flooding or erosion, drain wetlands, or improve navigation.

Front 55

Larger; increased

Back 55

Channelization actually results in ___________ downstream discharge because of ____________ channel gradient.

Front 56

Levees

Back 56

_________ spaced widely apart will preserve natural meandering channel while protecting land from flooding.

Front 57

Channel Restoration of meandering streams

Back 57

Point bars and cutbacks, pool and riffle spacing, etc.

Front 58

Gravity

Back 58

Mass wasting is downslope movement driven by _________.

Front 59

Angle of repose

Back 59

The steepest angle that can be assumed by loose fragments on a slope without downslope movement.

Front 60

Angle of repose

Back 60

The steepest angle that can be assumed by loose fragments on a slope without downslope movement.

Front 61

Fall

Slide

Slump

Earth flow

Mudflow

Debris flow

Creep

Solifluction

Back 61

Types of mass wasting:

Front 62

Fall

Back 62

Fast and dry, the most rapid form of mass wasting

Front 63

Flow

Back 63

Fast and wet (mass wasting)

Front 64

Flow

Back 64

Fast and wet (mass wasting)

Front 65

Slump

Back 65

Occurs on a curved path

Front 66

Flow

Back 66

Fast and wet (mass wasting)

Front 67

Slump

Back 67

Occurs on a curved path

Front 68

Rotational; Translational

Back 68

Slump and some slides are ___________ as opposed to ______________ movements of rock and other earth materials.

Front 69

Creep

Back 69

Gradual movement of soil and regolith downslope, aided by the expansion and contraction of the surface materials.

Front 70

Solifluction

Back 70

Occurs in regions underlain by permafrost, where the “active layer” thaws in summer and flows gradually downslope.

Front 71

Lahars

Back 71

Are mudflows which occur following volcanic eruptions where ash and water vapor fall out downwind of an eruption

Front 72

Stability factor

Back 72

Slope stability can be summarized with a ________________ (F) calculated by dividing the resisting force by the driving force.

Front 73

Failure

Back 73

A value less than 1 for F (stability factor) indicates that slope ________ is very likely.

Front 74

Slope stability

Back 74

Climate, vegetation, water, time, type of earth materials, and slope or topography are all important factors affecting _________________.

Front 75

Water

Back 75

Often acts as the immediate trigger, and the incident of mass wasting can usually be reduced by improving drainage from slopes.

Front 76

Avid

Back 76

_______ climates have rock falls, debris flows, and shallow soil slips due to sparse vegetation, thin soils, and more exposure to bare rock.

Front 77

Humid

Back 77

________ climates have deep and complex landslides, earth flows, and soil creep.

Front 78

Vegetation

Back 78

____________ generally increases slops stability, although trees do add weight on the slope.

Front 79

Soil compaction

Back 79

__________________ increases slope stability, and slopes with loosely compacted soils fail more rapidly.

Front 80

Evaporation

Condensation

Sublimation

Melting

Freezing

Back 80

H2O molecules and changes of state:

Front 81

Hydrologic cycle

Back 81

One of many cycles of moment of matter and energy on the earths surface.

Front 82

Precipitation

Back 82

The movement of water which condensed out of clouds to the ground.

Front 83

Evaporation

Back 83

The transfer of water to the atmosphere from surface reservoirs such as oceans, lakes, and rivers.

Front 84

Transpiration

Back 84

The transfer of water to the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants

Front 85

Infiltration

Back 85

The transfer of water into the subsurface through the soil.

Front 86

Infiltration

Back 86

The transfer of water into the subsurface through the soil.

Front 87

Runoff

Back 87

The transfer of water across the surface by overland flow and into rivers and streams.

Front 88

Groundwater

Back 88

Most of earths freshwater is stored as

Front 89

Saturated zone

Back 89

The water table is the top of the __________________.

Front 90

Permeability

Back 90

____________ of soil or sediment is its ability to transmit water between the atmosphere above it and subsurface aquifer below it.

Front 91

Confined aquifer

Back 91

A __________________ is one where groundwater is separated from the soil by an impermeable layer that hinders or prevents water movement.

Front 92

Sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca)

Back 92

These elements can be completely dissolved.

Front 93

Sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca)

Back 93

These elements can be completely dissolved.

Front 94

Iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al)

Back 94

These elements are essentially insoluble.

Front 95

Doline

Back 95

A _________ is a large sinkhole which results from the collapse of the roof of a subsurface cavern.

Front 96

Uvala

Back 96

A ________ or dry valley forms when sinkholes or dolines intersect and capture all of the surface drainage.

Front 97

Ponor

Back 97

A swallow hole or ______ which is associated with a disappearing stream.

Front 98

Karst

Back 98

Dry steam beds often occur in _________ areas where surface flow disappears underground.

Front 99

Speleothems

Back 99

_____________ are deposited in caverns when water leaves behind the compounds (principally Ca and CO3) it was carrying in solution.

Front 100

Speleothems

Back 100

_____________ are deposited in caverns when water leaves behind the compounds (principally Ca and CO3) it was carrying in solution.

Front 101

Stalactites

Back 101

____________ hang down from on top.

Front 102

Speleothems

Back 102

_____________ are deposited in caverns when water leaves behind the compounds (principally Ca and CO3) it was carrying in solution.

Front 103

Stalactites

Back 103

____________ hang down from on top.

Front 104

Stalagmites

Back 104

____________ build up from the bottom.

Front 105

Speleothems

Back 105

_____________ are deposited in caverns when water leaves behind the compounds (principally Ca and CO3) it was carrying in solution.

Front 106

Stalactites

Back 106

____________ hang down from on top.

Front 107

Stalagmites

Back 107

____________ build up from the bottom.

Front 108

Pillars

Back 108

_________ form when stalactites and stalagmites unite.

Front 109

Tower karst

Back 109

___________ occurs in the latest stage of karstificafion when most of the limestone has been dissolved leaving behind a few steep sided hills.

Front 110

Sinkhole disaster

Back 110

Draining of Scott lake on June 13, 2006

Front 111

Sinkhole disasters

Back 111

Winter park, Florida on May 8-10, 1981

Front 112

Sinkhole disasters

Back 112

Seffner, Florida on February 28, 2013

Front 113

Sinkhole disasters

Back 113

Clermont, Florida on August 12, 2013

Front 114

Sinkhole disasters

Back 114

Macungie, Pennsylvania on June 23, 1986

Front 115

Sinkhole disasters

Back 115

Snake nation road in Valdosta in September 2011

Front 116

Sinkhole disasters

Back 116

Tifton, Georgia in August 2012