Fleas

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hemimetabolous= incomplete metamorphosis

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juvenile instars looks like small version of adult

egg--> larva--> nymph--> adult

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holometabolous=complete metamorphosis

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juvenile instars are larvae and whole body is restructuredduring pupal stage

egg--> larva--> pupa--> adult

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siphonaptera the fleas

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small

wingless

obligate blood feeding insects

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adult fleas live in

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temporary association with their host

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survival of fleas is associated with

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micro habitat of nest, burrow or dwelling of host animal

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flea infestation can cause

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fatal iron deficient anemia in young animals

flea bit dermatitis- hypersensitivity to antigen sin flea saliva

vectors of.. plague, tularemia

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rate of life cycle of flea is dependent on ..

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temperature, high humidity and food source

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rate for larva dependent on

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microhabitat

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rate for adult dependent on

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host availability

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general characteristics of siphonaptera

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female flea is highlg prolific

larvae are active and feed on proteinaceous organic debris- hair, feathers, adult flea feces

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larvae are particularly susceptible to

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dessication

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larvae molt twice--> cocoon within until stimualted by temp rise ->

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pupates--> emerge from pupal cuticle--> adult

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duration of pupal stage highly dependent on

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ambient temperature and less so on humidity

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Ctenocephalides felis felis

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the cat flea

distributed world wide

most common flea encountered in vet practice on cats and dogs

has genal and pronotal ctenidia

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what triggers jumping of fleas?

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visual and thermal cues

CO2 increases the orientation of fleas to host

light source intermittent= enhance jumping response

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Ctenocephalides felis felis life cycle

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adult females feed immediately

once on host C. felis felis becomes permanent resident

with in 24-36 hours of blood meal they oviposit

during peak production the adult female will lay about 40-50 eggs per day --> fall to the ground--> hatch 1-2 days

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rate of larval development dependent on

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temperature

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microhabitat

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within hosts nesting site

larva live in a protected environment: high humidity, buffered from temp extremes

require dried blood as nutrient duration of larval stage= 1 week

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ocoon

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silk fibers of cocoon accumulate debris from environment

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pupal stage

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takes 7-1days

most resistant stage to desiccation and less dependent on relative humidity

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pupal stage adn pre-emerged adult can survive up to

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6 months

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preemerged adults have a decreased..

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metabolic activity

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mechanical pressure, heat, CO2 ensure

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a presence of host and stimulate rapid emergence

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after emerging from cocoon

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adult will only survive 2-3 weeks without a blood meal

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the cat flea

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is the most common species of flea found on sdomestic cat and dogs

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C. felis felis causes

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flea bit dermatitis

intermediate hsot for D. caninum, A. reconditum

bartonella henselae via flea feces

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grooming activity of host plays a significant role in...

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flea burden = accounts for 50% of mortality in flea pop.

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most newly acquired infestations are from an infected environment

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rather than from infected host

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insecticides

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imidacloprid

fiprinol

avermectins

pyrethroids

afoxolaner

nitenpyram

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imidacloprid

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advantage

inhibits nicotinic Ach receptors

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nitenpyram

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absorbed rapidly into bloodstream for quick kill

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fiprinol

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GABA gated Cl- channels and glutamate gated chloride channels antagonists

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afoxolaner/isoxazoline

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gaba gated chloride chanel anatognist

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insect growth regulators or insect development inhibitors

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juvenile hormone mimics

chitin synthesis inhibitors

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juvenile hormone mimics

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ovicidal and larvicidal to fleas

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chitin synthesis inhibitors

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disrupts chitin synthesis and deposition delivered orally via bloodmeal and passed transovarially to egg= affected eggs do not hatch or larvae die at first molt

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Ctenocephalides canis

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similar to Ctenocephalides felis felis

primarily affects canines

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echidnophaga gallinacea

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burrowing flea important in domestic poultry

can attack other animals such as dogs, cats, rabbits, humans

head is sharply angled on the front

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Echidnophaga gallinacea

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stick tight flea

female aggregate in bare areas-- head, comb or wattles

burrow into skin where they attach firmly with their mouth parts

eggs are deposited into ulceration or dropped to ground

larva end up in chicken manure on which they feed

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Tunga penetrans

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jigger or chigoe

found in tropical america and africa

impregnated tunga female embeds in hosts skin with only last few abdominal segments protruding

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t. penetrans eggs

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retained in abdomen and flea swells to size of pea

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Tunga penetrans parasite of

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swine but can also infect humans, dogs, other mammals

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xenopsylla cheopis and Oropsylla montana

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oriental rat flea

cheif vector of Yersinia pestis

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Yersinia pestis

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multiply blocking the proventricular spines and flea transmits the bacteria by regurgitating into lesion while feeding