Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the tunica interna (intima)?
|
simple squamous endolethium in all vessels
|
|
|
What is the tunica media?
|
elastic fibers mixed with smooth circular muscle.
|
|
|
What is the tunica externa (adventitia)?
|
elastic and collagen fibers parallel to vessel
|
|
|
. What is the vasa vasorum?
|
small vessels that nourish larger blood vessels
|
|
|
What are arteries?
|
carry blood flow away from heart, provide flexible support.
|
|
|
What are muscular (distributing) arteries?
|
mainly smooth muscle in tunica media, has an elastic lamina.
|
|
|
What are arterioles (resistance) arteries?
|
thick tunica media, mostly muscle, can contract without stimulation, small lumen, regulates blood to capillaries.
|
|
|
What are aneurysms?
|
localized dilation of weakened arterial wall.
|
|
|
What is arteriosclerosis?
|
hardening of the arteries, reduced elasticity.
|
|
|
What is atherosclerosis?
|
deposits of lipids and connective tissue (plaque)
|
|
|
What are capillaries?
|
exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells, 0.5 - 1mm long * only endothelium of the tunica intima.
|
|
|
What are continuous capillaries?
|
bypass tissue cells, connect arteriole to venuole, are abundant in skin and muscle tissues.
|
|
|
What is the blood-brain-barrier?
|
has no gaps, protects the brain
|
|
|
What are fenestrated capillaries?
|
have tiny pores that close by a diaphragm for greater fluid exchange.
|
|
|
What are the kidneys like?
|
no diaphragm, fluid flows faster.
|
|
|
What are sinusoids?
|
thin-walled chamber that functions like capillaries.
|
|
|
What is in the liver?
|
Kupffer cells are macrophages that destroy bacteria.
|
|
|
What is in the spleen?
|
phagocytes outside sinusoids stick cytoplasmic extensions through clefts.
|
|
|
What is a vascular shunt?
|
metarteriole-thoroughfare channel connects arteriole with venule.
|
|
|
What are veins?
|
larger lumen, thin walls, blood reservoirs (largest volume of blood), few muscles.
|
|
|
What is phlebitis?
|
inflammation of a vein, can lead to thrombus.
|
|
|
What are varicose veins?
|
dilated, lengthened, weak walls, valves don't work.
|
|
|
What are anastomoses?
|
vessels supplying the same territory merge.
|
|
|
What determines velocity?
|
the smaller the cross section, the slower the velocity (capillaries)
|
|
|
What is pulse pressure?
|
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
|
|
|
What is resistance?
|
opposition to flow, friction, dissipated as heat.
|
|
|
What is viscosity?
|
thickness or stickiness, increases with more protein and cells.
|
|
|
What is peripheral resistance?
|
pressure of vessel wall squeezing in.
|
|
|
How does vessel length affect resistance?
|
resistance increases as length increases
|
|
|
How does vessel diameter affect resistance?
|
resistance increases as diameter decreases.
|
|
|
What is venous pressure and venous return?
|
20 mm Hg, needs assistance to return to the heart.
|
|
|
What is the respiratory pump?
|
pressure changes in the thorax move blood toward the heart.
|
|
|
What does muscular compression do?
|
on veins helps milk blood to heart.
|
|
|
What are baroreceptor reflexes?
|
in carotid sinus and aortic arch, can feel stretch of artery, can reset to different pressure level.
|
|
|
What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?
|
increase in water loss at kidneys, reduction in thirst, inhibits release of ADH, aldosterone, and vasodilation, reduce BP.
|
|
|
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
|
Vasoconstriction and water conservation at kidneys.
|
|
|
What does the nitric oxide (NO) do?
|
from high blood flow rate, localized vasodilation.
|
|
|
What is hypertension?
|
> 140/90 in mm Hg
|
|
|
What is tissue perfusion?
|
blood flow through the tissues by capillaries.
|
|
|
What does it absorb?
|
nutrients from digestive tract.
|
|
|
What does exercise do?
|
vasodilation, increase venous return, increase cardiac output.
|
|
|
What causes shock?
|
inadequate blood flow.
|
|
|
What is the compensated state (stage I)?
|
reduce peripheral blood flow, weak pulse, vasoconstriction.
|
|
|
What is the progressive stage (stage II)?
|
low blood pressure, cerebral blood pressure is preserved.
|
|
|
What is the irreversible stage (stage III)?
|
circulatory collapse, damage to vital organs.
|
|
|
What does the lymphatic system produce?
|
production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes.
|
|
|
How does the lymphatic sytem affect body fluids?
|
return of fluids from peripheral tissues to the blood.
|
|
|
What is lymph?
|
a protein rich fluid similar to plasma from interstitial fluid.
|
|
|
What are lymphatic capillaries more permeable to?
|
capillaries more permeable to proteins and particles in interstitial fluid than blood capillaries.
|
|
|
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
|
right lymphatic duct drains from the right arm and right upper body.
|
|
|
Where does lymph from the lower body and intestines go?
|
lower body and intestines -> cisterna chyli -> thoracic duct -> left subclavian vein
|
|
|
Where do lymphatic vessels empty into?
|
they empty into the subclavian veins and the cardiovascular system
|
|
|
What are milking contractions?
|
milking contractions of skeletal muscle
|
|
|
What is thoracic pressure?
|
thoracic pressure during breathing.
|
|
|
What is lymphedema?
|
swelling of tissues due to backup of lymphatics from blockage.
|
|
|
What are plasma cells?
|
produce antibodies to fight specific antigens.
|
|
|
What is lymphoid tissue?
|
reticular connective tissue
|
|
|
What are lymphoid organs?
|
contain large numbers of lymphocytes.
|
|
|
Where are lymph nodes found?
|
clustered along lymphatic vessels.
|
|
|
What is the inner medulla?
|
contains macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
|
|
|
Why are there many afferent vessels?
|
many afferent vessels enter lymph nodes.
|
|
|
Why are there fewer efferent vessels?
|
exit lymph nodes at hilus, so lymph pools in nodes.
|
|
|
What is the spleen?
|
largest lymphoid organ, size of a fist.
|
|
|
What is in the white pulp?
|
lymphocytes on reticular fibers.
|
|
|
What do macrophages do?
|
destroy old RBCs and pathogens.
|
|
|
What does the red pulp do in the fetus?
|
stores and releases breakdown products of hemoglobin.
|
|
|
What does the spleen store?
|
it stores blood platelets.
|
|
|
What does the spleen act as?
|
acts as a blood reservoir for RBCs.
|
|
|
Where is the thymus found?
|
found above the heart, under the sternum.
|
|
|
When does the thymus increase in size?
|
. increases in size in childhood, shrinks after puberty, may be replaced by fibers and fat later.
|
|
|
What are Hassall's corpuscles?
|
areas of degenerating cells.
|
|
|
What do tonsils do?
|
defend against bacteria and other foreign particles.
|
|
|
What are palantine tonsils?
|
on either side of back of throat, enlarge with sore throat.
|
|
|
What are pharyngeal tonsils?
|
(adenoids) peak development in children.
|
|
|
Where are lingual tonsils?
|
at base of tongue
|
|
|
What are crypts?
|
pockets that trap bacteria
|
|
|
What are nodule aggregates?
|
they prevent pathogens from crossing mucous membrane lining.
|
|
|
What are Peyer’s patches?
|
lining of last portion of small intestine, contain macrophages, destroy microbes before being absorbed.
|
|
|
What are lacteals?
|
in villi of intestinal mucosa, absorb fats, called chyle.
|
|
|
What is MALT?
|
(Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue) nodules in the bronchial walls of respiratory tract, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, lacteals and appendix .
|
|
|
What is Hodgkin’s disease?
|
malignant lymph nodes,swollen, non-painful, fatigue, fever, night sweats.
|
|
|
What is Lymphoma?
|
tumor of lymphoid tissue.
|
|
|
What is Mononucleosis?
|
caused by Epstein-Barr virus, spread by saliva, fatigue, fever, sore throat, large numbers of T cells.
|
|
|
What is a Bubo?
|
an infected lymph node as was seen in the bubonic plague
|
|
|
What is innate immunity?
|
nonspecific body defenses.
|
|
|
What is the first line of defense?
|
first line of defense: physical barriers, deny access to pathogens.
|
|
|
How does the skin give immunity?
|
keratin is resistant to most weak acids and bases and toxins.
|
|
|
How does the hair give immunity?
|
epithelial cells secrete chemicals toxic to bacteria, sebum.
|
|
|
What do phagocytes do?
|
remove debris and pathogens.
|
|
|
How do the epidermal secretions give immunity?
|
tears, saliva, and sweat glands produce lysozymes.
|
|
|
What are macrophages?
|
Monocytes that leave the bloodstream to enter tissues and clean up after microphages.
|
|
|
How do macrophages engulf and destroy?
|
Macrophages engulf and destroy by lysozymes.
|
|
|
What are fixed phagocytes?
|
Fixed phagocytes are immobile.
|
|
|
Where are microglia found?
|
In the CNS.
|
|
|
Where are Kupffer cells found?
|
found in liver sinusoids.
|
|
|
Where are Langerhans cells found?
|
Found in skin.
|
|
|
What are free phagocytes?
|
they wander through tissues, osteoclasts and dust cells of the alveolar margins.
|
|
|
What are microphages?
|
(Kamikaze pilots) target foreign compounds and pathogens coated with antibodies.
|
|
|
What are neutrophils?
|
abundant, mobile, quick, but also self destructs.
|
|
|
What are eosinophils?
|
defend against parasitic worms.
|
|
|
What are mast cells?
|
mast cells are involved in allergic response in tissues, can also be a phagocyte.
|
|
|
How are chemicals a part of the immune system?
|
Chemicals are immunological surveillance.
|
|
|
What are NK (natural killer) cells?
|
granular lymphocyte, activated to attack any abnormal antigens on pathogens or cancer cells
|
|
|
What are perforins?
|
perforins from golgi bodies perforate cell membranes.
|
|
|
What are interferons?
|
they stop replication of virus in cells and activate macrophages.
|
|
|
What is a complement?
|
(plasma proteins) stimulates inflammatory response, causes cell lysis and bacterial destruction, positive feedback.
|
|
|
What is opsonization?
|
antibodies coat foreign particles, attracts phagocytes.
|
|
|
What is the inflammatory response?
|
response to injury.
|
|
|
What is the function of inflammatory response ?
|
prevents spread of damage to nearby tissues.
|
|
|
What are signs of inflammation?
|
redness, heat, swelling, pain, impairment of function.
|
|
|
What is histamine?
|
histamine: local vasodilation, increases permeability of capillaries
|
|
|
What are kinins?
|
same as histamine, chemotaxis, stimulate neutrophils to release lysozymes, induce pain.
|
|
|
What are prostaglandins?
|
prostaglandins produce free radicals, induce pain.
|
|
|
What is phagocyte mobilization?
|
phagocytes mobilization stimulate tissue repair
|
|
|
What is leukocytosis?
|
leukocytosis inducing factors released by injured cells promote release of neutrophils from bone marrow.
|
|
|
What is margination or pavementing?
|
neutrophils cling to inner walls of capillaries.
|
|
|
What is diapedesis?
|
squeeze between cells.
|
|
|
What is chemotaxis?
|
endothelial chemical markers like flares alert macrophages.
|
|
|
What is a fever?
|
increase in body temperature (controlled in hypothalamus).
|
|
|
What are pyrogens?
|
secreted by leukocytes and macrophages fighting foreign substances.
|
|
|
What is the specific or adaptive defense system?
|
lymphocytes, specific, systemic immunity.
|
|
|
What is an antigen?
|
antigen: “nonself”, usually larger, foreign protein .
|
|
|
What is immunogenic?
|
can stimulate formation of antibodies.
|
|
|
What is reactive?
|
react with antibodies.
|
|
|
What is an antibody or immunoglobulin?
|
you inherit the ability to produce antibody or immunoglobulin before you’re exposed to antigens.
|
|
|
What is an antibody?
|
antibody specific to only 1 antigen.
|
|
|
What is humoral immunity?
|
antibody-mediated, in body fluids, produced by lymphocytes.
|
|
|
What does the bone marrow do?
|
Bone marrow -> B cells: fight antigens with specific antibodies.
|
|
|
What are B lymphocytes?
|
B lymphocyte is activated by antigen and produces clones that become plasma cells that secrete antibodies or become memory cells.
|
|
|
How are B lymphocytes activated?
|
activated by helper T cells
|
|
|
What is the secondary response?
|
acts much faster to previously primed antigens.
|
|
|
How do you get innate immunity?
|
innate (natural) during infections, ex) getting chickenpox.
|
|
|
What is passive immunity?
|
no antibody production results, short-lived.
|
|
|
What is IgG?
|
(Immunoglobulin) resistance against viruses, bacteria and toxins, crosses placenta.
|
|
|
What is IgA?
|
in glandular secretions, mucus, tears & saliva .
|
|
|
What is IgM?
|
Agglutination in blood typing.
|
|
|
What is IgE?
|
attaches to basophils & mast cells, releases histamine for allergic response.
|
|
|
What is IgD?
|
assists antigen binding on B cells.
|
|
|
What are variable segments of antibodies?
|
antibody-antigen complex.
|
|
|
What does the thymus do?
|
Thymus -> T cells: become immunocompetant in the thymus, must make physical contact with pathogen.
|
|
|
What are CD8 cells?
|
CD8 cells, cytotoxic T cells: (killer Ts) attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses or cancerous.
|
|
|
What are CD4 cells?
|
CD4 cells or helper T cells (destroyed by HIV)
|
|
|
How do CD4 or helper T cells affect B and T cells?
|
stimulate the activation and function of B and T cells.
|
|
|
How do CD4 or helper T cells affect NK cells and macrophages?
|
attract and stimulate NK cells and macrophages.
|
|
|
How do CD4 or helper T cells affect memory T cells?
|
stimulate production of memory T cells.
|
|
|
What does the bone marrow do?
|
Bone marrow -> NK cells: large granular lymphocytes: police peripheral tissue.
|
|
|
What are Autografts?
|
tissue grafts transplanted from one body site to another in the same person.
|
|
|
What are Isografts?
|
a tissue from an identical twin, with the same DNA.
|
|
|
What are Allografts?
|
tissue from another person, that is not identical.
|
|
|
What is Hodgkin's disease?
|
cancer of lymph nodes.
|
|
|
What are Xenografts?
|
tissue taken from another animal species.
|
|
|
What are Immune disorders?
|
Immune disorders: cause the immune system to become depressed.
|
|
|
What are immunodeficiencies?
|
any condition that causes the immune cells to behave abnormally.
|
|
|
What are Congenital immunodeficiencies?
|
Congenital: severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): lack B and T cells, treated by bone marrow transplant or umbilical cord stem cells.
|
|
|
What is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?
|
(AIDS) in helper T cells from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
|
|
|
What is pneumocystis carini?
|
pneumocystis carini is a type of pneumonia
|
|
|
What is Kaposi's sarcoma?
|
cancer of blood vessels, leaving purple lesions.
|
|
|
What are autoimmune diseases?
|
sensitized cytotoxic T cells destroy self-tissues.
|
|
|
What is Myasthenia gravis?
|
impairs connection between nerves and muscles.
|
|
|
What is Grave's disease?
|
thyroid produces excess thyroxine.
|
|
|
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
|
(RA) destroys joints
|
|
|
What are Hypersensitivities?
|
allergies
|
|
|
What are immediate, acute or type I Hypersensitivities?
|
begin within seconds of contact
|
|
|
What is anaphylaxis?
|
releases histamine, inflammatory response, local or systemic.
|
|
|
What is cytotoxic, type II?
|
cytotoxic, type II: mismatched transfusion reactions.
|
|
|
What is immune complex, type III?
|
persistent infection, ex) farmer's lung.
|
|
|
What are delayed hypersensitivity, type IV?
|
delayed hypersensitivity, type IV: slower to appear.
|
|
|
What is allergic contact dermatitis?
|
allergic contact dermatitis from poison ivy.
|
