Flashcards For Personality For Test 1

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personality

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the dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influeces his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors

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Psychological construct

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a complex abstraction that encompasses the person's unique genetic and learning history and the ways these factors influence their responses to various environments or situations

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Empirical evidence

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observations of phenomena made by investigators

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hypothesis

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tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to one another, often stated as predictions about how the operation of one set of events will affect the operation of others

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Theory

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a number of interrelated conceptual staements that are created by investigators to account for a phenomenon or a set of phenomena

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Inductive theory

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generalizations or summary statements about phenomena derived from a set of facts; Does experiment THEN tries to give explanation

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Conceptual definitions

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precise concepts in a hypothesis; this allows for accurate measurement of results

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Deductive theory

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Observes phenomenon, comes up with hypothesis, then tests hypothesis

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Postulates

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core assumptions of a theory. Taken as self-evident in the theory

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Propositions

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general relational statements that may be true or false. Not tested directly

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Conceptual definitions

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precise concepts in a hypothesis; this allows for accurate measurement of results

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Cognitive dissonance

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painful motivational state created within a person when 2 or more thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors are mutually inconsistent

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Debriefing

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informing the study participants of the true nature and purpose of a study after it is completed

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Experimental method

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variables manipulated by experimenter and random assignment

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Correlational coefficient

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a numerical index of the size and direction of an association between 2 variables

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Self report

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written or verbal statements given by study participants on questionnaires and/or in interviews concerning their personality characteristics

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Statistical significance

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a numerical index of the probability that a particular result occurred by chance
Considered statistically significant if chance of finding it is less than 1 in 20 (5 in 100)

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Partial correlational techniques

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a correlational technique that allows an investigator to assess the relationship between two events by eliminating out the influences of other variables

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Multiple correlation techniques

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statistical technique where it is possible to determine the relationship between one variable and a combination of two or more other variables simultaneously

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Correlational method

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general procedure for establishing an association or relationship between events

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Post hoc explanation

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explanation of a phenomenon given after its occurrence

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A priori predictions

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predictions made before data are collected

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Longitudinal studies

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studies in which data are collected for the same individuals over time

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Comprehensiveness

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theory is better when it is widely applicable

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Relational statements

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theoretical propositions or hypotheses that link or relate constructs

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Precision

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an adequate theory should contain constructs and relational statements that are clearly and explicitly stated and measured

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Parsimony

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an adequate theory should be as economical as possible while still adequately accounting for the phenomena in its domain

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Empirical validity

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criterion for determining worth of theory; tested by collection of data to determine whether or not the theory is accurate

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Heuristic value

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criterion for judging the worth of a theory; should stimulate new ideas and research, should be challenging

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Applied value

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criterion or standard fro judging the scientific worth of a theory. A good theory provides creative solutions to problems that are of interest/concern to people.

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Functionally related

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behaviors that operate to secure the same outcome

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Behavior potential

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Potentiality of any behavior's occurring in any situation or situations as calculated in relation to any single reinforcement or set of reinforcements

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Expectancy

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whether or not we think an event is going to take place

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Reinforcement value

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how much we value a particular reinforcement as compared to another one

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Psychological situation

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the situation as it is defined from the individual's personal perspective

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Freedom of movement

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Rotter; mean expectancy of obtaining positive satisfactions as a result of a set of related behaviors directed toward obtaining a group of functionally related reinforcements

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Minimal goal

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Rotter; lowest goal in a continuum that will satisfy if acheived

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Verbal representation

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Bandura-a word that signifies an object in the environment

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Anticipated outcomes

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Bandura-a person's expectancy that the performance of certain behaviors will secure certain reinforcers

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External reinforcement

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Bandura; a reinforcing environmental stimulus that controls the occurrence of behavior

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Observational learning

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Bandura; type of learning in which new responses are made as a result of watching the performance of others

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Triadic reciprocal determinism

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Bandura; cognitive, behavior, and environmental influences all operate interactively as determinants of one another

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Efficacy expectations

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Bandura; beliefs or convictions on the part of individuals that they can produce certain behaviors

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High freedom of movement

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our needs are in tune with our expectations

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4 major efficacy sources

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Performance accomplishments
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal