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271 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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each gene codes for a potential characteristic...
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protein
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female bacteria are..
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F-
has to do with conjugation: with conjugation there is fertility: a donation of plasmid from male to female |
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temperate bacteriophages usually enter the lytic life cycle
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FALSE
-virulent bacteriophgest usually enter the lytic life cycle -temperate bacteriophages usually enter the lysogenic life cycle |
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formation of an Hfr cell requires...
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insertion of the F genes (plasmid genes) into the host chromosome
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dead mouse diagram
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know it
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which type of gene transfer requires physical contact between donor and recipient cells
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transfer F plasmids, high frequency recombination, conjugation and transfer of F'
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who discovered transformation?
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frank griffith
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which antibiotic can lead to discolored teeth
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tetracycline
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the medical significance of conjugation is resistance between different genera of bacteria
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T
-this is an example of vancomycin made MRSA in to VRSA |
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which antifungal is used to treat athlete's foot
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tinactin
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which chemotherapeutic index is the best
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highest number
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which of the following is the mode of action of penicillin
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cell wall inhibition
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cell wall inhibitors would be effective against mycoplasma
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FALSE
-because mycoplasma doesn't have a cell wall |
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nitrofurantoin
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urinary tract infection
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chloramphenicol
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penicillin resistant meningococci
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erythromycin
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legionnaires' disease (all pneumonias except strep pneumo
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|
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nystatin
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intestinal yeast infection: because it is not absorbed by the intestinal tract so it stays in tract to kill the yeast that is there
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cloroquine
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malaria
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metronidazole
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aka flagyl
-trichomonas infection |
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vancomycin
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MRSAf
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tetracycline
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one of the broadest spectrum drugs
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acyclovir
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herpes HSV
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amphotericin B
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systemic fungal infections
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rifampin
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to rid meingococci (associated with neisseria meningitis) from carriers
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AZT
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to slow HIV infections
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what are the drugs used to treat tuberculosis
|
rifampin, streptomycin, isoniazid and ethambutol
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chloramphenical
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causes aplastic anemia
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erythromycin
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toxic effects are low
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metroniadiazole
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black hairy tongue (result of hemoglobin breakdown)
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streptomycin
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ringing in ears and some kidney damage
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tetracycline
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leads to superinfections: not to be used if pregnant because of its effects on bone development
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azidothymidine
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aka AZT
-causes HIV to mutate quickly |
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amphotericin B
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vomiting, fever, heart arrhythmias and kidney toxicity
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rifampin
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causes liver damage in large doses
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vancomycin
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administered through IV, must watch dosages very carefully because if too high it cause hearing loss kidney damage
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carpapenems
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because it is used to treat mixed infections, nosocomial infections and ones of unkown etiology it leads to super infections
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bacterial static agents stop bacterial growth and kill the organisms
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FALSE
-bacterialcidal agents stop bacterial growth and kill them; bacterial static slow them down |
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VRE stands for...
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vancomycin resistant enterococcus
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what has the narrowest spectrum of activity
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a drug that is bacteriostatic for mycobacterium: one genus with only a few specied
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antibiotics are
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chemicals produced by one organism that inhibits other organisms: a lot of the antibiotics come from fungus because fungus usually create chemicals to keep the bacteria from killing them
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antibiotic that has a beta lactam ring in its structure
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penicillin
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which is not considiered to be a side effect of antibiotics
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increased effectiveness of birth control pills
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elective toxicity refers to the ability of an antimicrobial agent to harm microbes without causing significant damage to the host
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true
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what makes an ideal antibiotic?
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should be stabal throughout the body, long shelf life, non-allergenic, soluility in body fluids
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know the cell diagram of where modes of actions occur on the bacieral cell
|
will be a diagram question
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check all of the following that are considered appropriate use of antibiotics
|
treatment of sinus infections
-a patient with heart valve defects taking a round of antibiotics before going to the dentist -a doctor writing a perscription after getting culture results back on a patient who has an UTI |
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vancomycin is first choice of treatment for infections caused by gram negative rods
|
-false
-vancomycin is the first choice of treatment of MRSA |
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vre is treated with...
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zyvox aka synercid
|
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some MRS strains have changed to VRSA through the process of conjugation with VRE
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true
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most antiviral agents work by destroying active viruses
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false, they slow down the replication process: dont destory because you'd have to kill your own cells
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what are treatments for most common type of infection (UTI)
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-nitrofurantoin, quinolones, ciprofloxacin and norafloxacin, norfloxacin and bactrim
|
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first drug of choice for pneumococcal pneumonae is
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penicillin
|
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which of the following helps to create resistance
|
-pateints with aids requiring prolonged courses of antibiotics
-international travel of someone with resistant bacteria -the poor not being able to afford adequate antimicrobial therapy -giving cattle antibiotics on a regular basis -doctors using broad spectrum antibiotics on patients who have an infection caused by one susceptible pathogen |
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vancomycin is the durg of choice for the treatment of cdiff dificile infections
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true
|
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net movement of molecule from an area higher to lower concentration...
|
simple diffusion
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|
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net movement of water molecules from and area of higher to lower concentration...
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osmosis
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movement of molecules in ions from an area of lower to higher concentration with help of membrane proteins
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active transport
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movement of molecules form an area of high to low with help of membrane proteins
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facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
cell membrane either reaches out and engulfs substance..
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endocytosis
|
|
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enzymes generally decrease the activation energy of a reaction
|
fact
|
|
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bacteria =
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prokaryotic
|
|
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fungi =
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eukaryotic
|
|
|
which term best describes the solution it has been placed in (diagram)
|
hypotonic solution (cell expands)
-hypertonic (cell shrinks) |
|
|
what percent of microorganisms are pathogenic?
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1 %
|
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the thickest part of cell walls can be found in
|
gram positive cells
|
|
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the gram stain is based on the difference in..
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cell wall bacteria
|
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which layer is the outermost layer
|
capsule layer
|
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what is known as the outer membrane
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gram negatives
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which pathway is considered to be anaerobic
|
glycolisis
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which of the following types of memrbane transport require the cell to use ATP
|
movement from an area of low to high concentration
|
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koch's postulates
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identify, isolate, incubate, inoculate
|
|
|
rhinovirus
|
colds
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filovirus
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ebola
|
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morilla virus
|
measels
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orthopoxovirus
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small pox
|
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rubella virus
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german measles
|
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adenovirus
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respiratory infections
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influenza
|
flu
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HPV
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genital warts
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varicellovirus
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chicken pox or shingles
|
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simplex virus
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herpes
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know the diagram of the cell
|
know it
|
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name the following images
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rods, cocci, spirochete
|
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how do you identify a gram positive cell
|
purple and thick cell wall
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mycobacterium is a group of acid fast organisms and their cell walls are made up of LPS
|
FALSE
|
|
|
replication of animal virusesl: know the steps in order
|
-attachment of spikes
-endocytosis and digestion -makes nucleic acids and everything -virus codes for protein and glycoproteins -budding and cell rupture |
|
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glycolysis
|
transfer of phosphate groups
-breaking of glucose -transfer electrons -capture of energy -formation of pyruvic acid |
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|
what does giardia cause?
|
diarrhea
|
|
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plasmodium causes
|
malaria
|
|
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trich is associated with what type of disease?
|
study disease
|
|
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side effects of toxoplasma
|
blindness and birth defects
|
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what do amoebas cause?
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dysentary
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what color does a gram negative cell stain
|
pink
|
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what are the TORCH diseases?
|
t: toxoplasma
O: other, Hep B, shingles R: rubella C: CMV H: herpes |
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HIV carries reverse transcriptase which allows conversion of...
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RNA TO DNA
|
|
|
cancer can be caused by
|
epstein barr and papilomavirus
|
|
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protein synthesis
|
ribosomes
|
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dna storage
|
nucleus
|
|
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aATP production
|
mitochondria
|
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modification and processing plant
|
golgi appartus
|
|
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photosynthesis
|
cholorplasts
|
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axiofilament
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internal flagella
|
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pilli (fimbrae)
|
help mo's to attach
|
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|
protects from phagocytosis
|
capsule
|
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protects from phagocytosis
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capsule
|
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flagella
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allows them to move
|
|
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parastic infections cause how many ppl to die
|
15 million in the world
|
|
|
tape worm can grow up to ...
|
15 m in length
|
|
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fungal infections are more common in AIDS patients because HIV destroys their immune systems
|
true
|
|
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malaria has a host specificity to the what?
|
anopheles mosquito
|
|
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fungi produce most of our antibiotics
|
true
|
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small pox is an infectious disease that has become eradicated but can become a problem if used for bioterrorism
|
clostridium and bacillus are defensive or protective process
|
|
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semmelweis
|
autopsies and puerperal fever: wash hands people didn't listen, he went crazy
|
|
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incidents in childhood is higher in underdeveloped worlds is because of limited access to vaccines
|
TRUE
|
|
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varicellas
|
latent virus
|
|
|
pseudomonas auriginosa causes what percentage of burn related deaths?
|
80%
|
|
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what are problematic in AIDS patients
|
opportunists
|
|
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people who do not get vaccinated can survive because of what?
|
herd immunity
|
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STD's, food borne illnesses and are notifiable to who?
|
CDC
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|
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nosocomial are...
|
hostpital acquired
|
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scalded skin syndrome is caused by the exotoxin exfolatin produced by staph aureus
|
true
|
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candidiasis is an opportunistic bacterial infection that can be brought on by the overuse of antibiotics
|
false: FUNGAL
|
|
|
mental
|
damage to the brain
|
|
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neoplastic
|
abnormal cell growth
|
|
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nutritional
|
lack of nutrients
|
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congenital
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present at birth
|
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iatrogenic
|
medical procedures
|
|
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immunological
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of immune system
|
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degenerative
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break down of body, aging process
|
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inherited
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from parents
|
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endocrine
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hormones
|
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idiopathic
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unknown origin
|
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chronic
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slowly develops and slow to disappear
|
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focal
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confined region and grow
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primary
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in previously healthy patient
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systemic
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spread throughout body through blood or lymph
|
|
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septicemia
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pathogens in blood
|
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super infection
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secondary, caused by primary treatment
|
|
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latent
|
appears long after infected
|
|
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bacterimia
|
presence but no multiplication
|
|
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inapparent
|
fails to produce all signs and symptoms
|
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mixed
|
2 or more pathogens
|
|
|
phases of the infectious disease in order
|
incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
|
|
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what has NOT contributed to the decrease in deaths caused by infection since 1900?
|
resistance of microorganisms
|
|
|
MRSA is treated with...
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
what controls the transmission of disease
|
giving flu shots, placing needles in sharps container, spraying tokill mosquitoes, handwashing
|
|
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how did sarah become staphylococcus sarah?
|
got folliculitis from flipping her hair
|
|
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mycobacterium TB and neisseria gonorrhea are considered intracellular microorganisms because they are killed after phagocytosis
|
FALSE they are NOT killed
|
|
|
wound infections...
|
can be caused by any opportunist, maybe a single organism contamination during surgery, gram stain, culture, ID and suceptibilities are very important for successful treatment
-NOT crepitant tissue in all cases |
|
|
which disease has the longest incubation period
|
leprosy: division cycle once every 12 days
|
|
|
trachoma is th eleading cause of preventable blindness in the world . what is the causative agent of it?
|
chlamydia trachomaditis
|
|
|
AIDS is now a worldwide...
|
pandemic
|
|
|
chronic
|
TB
|
|
|
latent
|
herpes
|
|
|
super infection
|
yeast
|
|
|
NOT acute
|
aids
|
|
|
local
|
bladder
|
|
|
bactermia
|
normla flora goes from mouth to blood after visit to dentist
|
|
|
problems that affect epidemiology of STDS are...
|
people who have STDs tend to have multiple sex partners and these diseases are not always spread through sexual intercourse
|
|
|
what are the 4 most important causative agents of nosocomial infections?
|
staph aureus, enterococcus, E. coli, streptococcus
|
|
|
the virus that causes fever blisters and cold sores usually establishes latency in the trigeminal ganglion
|
TRUE
|
|
|
incubation
|
organisms multiply and spread everywhere
|
|
|
primary
|
chancre forms at site of infection
|
|
|
secondary
|
colored rash appears on the hands: copper
|
|
|
tertiary
|
gummas form multi organ damage
|
|
|
bacterial vaginitis
|
gardnerella vaginitis with anaerobic flora
|
|
|
toxic shock syndrom
|
staph aureus TAMPONS
|
|
|
parasitic infection that can cause vaginitis
|
trich vaginits
|
|
|
sphyilis
|
treponema papaolidium
|
|
|
chancroid
|
haemopholis ducrey
|
|
|
non gonococcal urethritis
|
chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
cold sores
|
HSVI
|
|
|
genital warts
|
HPV
|
|
|
AIDS
|
HIV
|
|
|
gonococcal STD
|
neisseria gonorrhea
|
|
|
uti is most common of all infections, what is the most common causative agent
|
e. coli
|
|
|
gardnerella vaginitis and trich are treated with...
|
flagyl also known as metronidazole
|
|
|
there are no STDS that can be transmitted by kissing
|
false: ex HERPES
|
|
|
which of the following is HIV least likely to be transmitted through
|
saliva
|
|
|
symptoms of UTI include all of the following except...
|
high fever
|
|
|
toxic shock is associated with..
|
super absorbent tampons
|
|
|
toxic shock
|
naficillin
|
|
|
uti
|
amoxocillin
|
|
|
syphilis
|
penicillin
|
|
|
herpes
|
acyclovir
|
|
|
prostatis
|
frequent urination, back pain, joint pain, muscle pain
|
|
|
trich
|
intense vaginal itching with thick white discharge
|
|
|
gardnerella vaginitis
|
smells like fish, frothy discharge
|
|
|
whitlow
|
HSV lesions on finger
|
|
|
chancroid
|
painful lesions on genitals
|
|
|
leptospirosis
|
puppy owner with a febrical illness muscle pain, eye dilation, kidney and liver involvement
|
|
|
brights disease
|
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney following strep
|
|
|
gonorrhea
|
urethral drip and dyptheria in most males
|
|
|
chlamydia is treated with
|
azithromycin
|
|
|
pylonephritis
|
inflammation of kidney
|
|
|
chlamydia
|
sings and symptoms are similar to GC but less severe
|
|
|
sequelae for females how have HSV
|
increase incidents of miscarriage, when pregnant infant delivered by c section increased risk of cervical carcinoma
|
|
|
virulence factors for neisseria gonorrhea
|
attachment pilli to help attack endotoxin that damages mucosa, survival inside
|
|
|
which of the following are least likely to be used for UTI
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
what are the causative agents of the UTIs
|
staph saprophyticus, e. coli, other enterobacteria opportunists
|
|
|
what are complication of gonorrhea
|
pelvic infalmmatory disease, joint infections, disseminated disease
|
|
|
cmv is the most common cause of birth defects in the US
|
true
|
|
|
white pus filled nodules on throat
|
strep
|
|
|
loss of voice
|
LARYNGITIS
|
|
|
swelling of tissues causes pressure and pain on teeth or face
|
sinusitis
|
|
|
chronic cough in smokers
|
bronchitis
|
|
|
walking pneumonia
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
formation of pseudomembrane that can block airway
|
diptheria
|
|
|
cough, hoarse breath sounds, red throat, caused by parainfluenza
|
croup
|
|
|
stingy, sticky mucous that causes violent cough
|
whooping cough
|
|
|
chronic chest pain, cough
|
TB
|
|
|
rsv is the most dangerous LRT infection in children under one year
|
true
|
|
|
which form of pneumonia is fatal
|
klebsiella pneumonia
|
|
|
what is NOT true about bronchial pneumonia
|
begins in the bronchi and spreads to effect the whole lobe of lung
|
|
|
facts about mycobacterium
|
slow grower, very resistant to drying and can remain viable on spudum for 6-8 months, susceptible to sunlight, these are not true about: virulence factors are caused by LPS, fast grower
|
|
|
antibiotics least liekly to treat URI is
|
nitrofuratoin
|
|
|
STDS from most common to least
|
chlamydia, GC, syphilis, chancroid
|
|
|
when zycam is used during first symptoms of a cold appear, it can shorten the time you are sick because it attacks the virus
|
FALSE
-it prevents attachment |
|
|
what are problems with HIV/AIDS
|
-high mutation rate causes HIV
-opportunist infections -high mutation rate that infection people often harbor many strains -cell essential to a strong immune response harbor it for years |
|
|
number one cause of death due to infective agent in US is
|
pneumonia
|
|
|
70 yr old female lives in old apartment complex admitted to ER
|
suspect legionella
|
|
|
all have lead to GC increase in women
|
IUDs, birth control and sex at younger age
|
|
|
which is least likely to be used for upper respiratory infection?
|
bacterium
|
|
|
septic shock is a condition where BP drop and blood vessels burst
|
FALSE: vessels collapse
|
|
|
peripheral fever
|
strep pyogenes
|
|
|
neonatal septicemia and meingitis
|
strep agalactase
|
|
|
acute endocarditis
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
filariasis
|
wuchereria bancrofti
|
|
|
ordering of sequelae of strep throat
|
strep throat
rheumatic fever mitral valve damage endocarditis stroke |
|
|
systemic and pneumonic plague and respiratory anthrax are nearly 100 %....
|
fatal
|
|
|
kidney transplant patients
|
listerio meningitis
|
|
|
young children
|
haemopholis meningitis
|
|
|
newborns from flora of mother
|
group B strep meinigitis
|
|
|
clostridium perfringens
|
food poisoning in undercooked meats
|
|
|
bacillus sereus
|
food poisoning fried rice
|
|
|
salmonella
|
causes enteritis from undercooked chicken raw eggs, caesar salad dressing
|
|
|
typhoid fever
|
bacteremia occurs as 1st symptom, pyres pathces
|
|
|
fibrio chloria
|
diarrhea small membranosous pieces from shedding of intestinal layer
|
|
|
hep D
|
causes disease and death when with hep B
|
|
|
hep B
|
blood and body fluids
|
|
|
hep A
|
wendy's hep
|
|
|
staphylococcus species
|
abdominal pain, nausea, vomit, diarrhea in 1-6 hours after eating potato salad
|
|
|
heliobacter pylori
|
peptic ulcer
|
|
|
giardia endemic to western us backpackers come from what?
|
drinking water from mountain streams that are infected with cysts come from bear and beaver poop
|
|
|
haemopholis influenza
|
leading cause of mental retardation worldwide
|
|
|
neisseria meningititis has 100 to 1000 times more endotoxin than other types of bacteria and is found in
|
LPS
|
|
|
what is the complication of menigococcal meningitis where the organism invade all parts of the body and death occurs within hours of endotoxic shock
|
water house fredrickson
|
|
|
which meningitis does not have a vaccine?
|
neisseria meinigitis group B
|
|
|
what is the treatment for leprosy
|
rifampin and dapsone
|
|
|
pseudomembranous collitis...facts about...
|
CA is clostridium difficle, superinfection, treated with vancomycin, sequelae is toxic megacolon
|
|
|
how many ppl are without clean water? sanitation?
|
one billion; sanitation
|
|
|
salmonella has 2000 strains and isolates are what?
|
serotyped to help determine strain
|
|
|
malaria kills how many people annually
|
one million; one of the worlds greatest health problems
|
|
|
what is the causative agent of malaria
|
plasmodium
|
|
|
cholera..facts
|
75% fatal, 22 liters lost per day, rice water stools, epithelium shed
|
|
|
coccus
|
round
|
|
|
vibrio
|
comma shaped
|
|
|
occobacillus
|
intermediate between round and rod
|
|
|
bacillus
|
rod
|
|
|
spirilium
|
spiral
|
|
|
associated with cancer
|
epstein barr and papillomavirus
|
|
|
site of protein synthesis
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
site of DNA storage
|
nucleus
|
|
|
site of ATP production
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
site of modification of packaging
|
golgi apparatus
|
|
|
site of phtosynthesis
|
chlorplasts
|
|
|
regulate the movement of materials
|
cell membrane
|
|
|
act as an internal flagella
|
axial filaments
|
|
|
helps microorganisms attach to surfaces
|
fimbrea
|
|
|
virulence factor
|
capsule
|
|
|
allows cell to move
|
flagella
|
