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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal rang of hematocrit fo males and females?
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Males: 40-54%
Females: 37-57% |
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What was the name for the plug for the capillary tube we used for determining the hematocrit?
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Critoseal
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what is the buffy coat composed of?
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WBC's and Platelets
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What is the liquid and the solid part of blood called?
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Liquid: plasma
Solid: formed elements |
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What is the examination of a blood smear called?
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differential count or a diff
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What is a normal "diff"?
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neutrophils = 55-75%
eosinophils = 2-4% Basophils = .5=1% Lymphocytes = 20-40% Monocytes = 3-8% |
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Which blood cell has a normal diff of approximately 2-4%?
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Eosinophil
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Which blood cell has a normals diff of approximately 55-75%?
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Neutrophil
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Which blood cell has a normals diff of approximately .5-1%?
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Basophil
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Which blood cell has a normals diff of approximately 20-40%?
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Lymphocytes
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Which blood cell has a normals diff of approximately 3-8%?
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Monocytes
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Why would an eosinophil count increase?
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When a person has an allergic reaction or when a person has invading parasites in their tissues.
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What ethnic population is sickle cell anemia often present in?
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African-Americans .1-.2%
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What are people with sickle cell anemia more susceptible to? What organ would be damaged by sickle cell anemia?
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hemolytic anemia. the spleen
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If the spleen is destroyed, what type of cells may be observed?
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target cells, which resemble a target and nucleated RBC's (erythroblasts).
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What is scrum?
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Plasma-clotting factors
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The human eye cannot see objects less than what?
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1/10 mm in length
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What are the 2 groups of microscopes?
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light microscopes and electron microscopes
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what are the 2 types of electron microscopes?
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scanning and transmission
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How does a magnifying lens make the object seem closer?
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by refracting the light rays traveling through it.
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what nerve cells are located toward the back of the eye?
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photoreceptors
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What is resolution?
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clarity of the image produced by the microscope lens
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What wavelengths will create a better resolution?
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Shorter wave lenths
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What type of microscopes do we use in the lab?
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compound binocular light microscopes
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If the microscopes rely on at least two magnifying lenses, what are they referred to?
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Compound
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How do you get the total magnification?
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Ocular X Objective
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What is the second lens that magnifies an image?
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oculars
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what is the lens closest to your eye when you look through a microscope tube?
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ocular lens
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What is the turning table with 3/4 objective lenses called?
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Revolving nosepiece
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What is the first lens that magnifies the image and positioned just above the object being viewed?
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Objective lenses
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What does the coarse focus knob do?
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decreases the distnace between the objective lens and the stage, and allows you to focus the image entering your eye
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What knob decreases the distance between the objective lens and the stage?
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course focus knob
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What knob is only used when viewing through the higher magnifications?
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Fine focus knob
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What adjusts the amount of light shining through the object?
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Iris diaphragm
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What does the iris diaphragm do?
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Adjusts the amount of lihgt shining through the object
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What illuminates the object and gives good contrast?
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Lever
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What is a platform designed to hold the microscope slide?
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stage
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What happens to a beam of light as it passes through a lens?
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it's refracted which increases the angle of light entering the eye
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What is resolution?
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Clarity of the image produced by the microscope lenses
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What influnces resolution?
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shorter wavelenths of energy and a thin layer of oil between the object and lens reduces random scattering
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What reduces random scattering (blurring) of light rays?
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a thin layer of oil between the object and lens
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what is the total magnification if the objective lens is 4X and the ocular lens is 10X?
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40X
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Which objective lens gives the greatest magnification? the least?
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100X, 10X
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When you search for a specimen, which lens should be used first?
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10x
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If you turn the knob towards you to move the slide, which way does it go?
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backwards
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What is the diameter of the FOV if you go from 4x to 10x? Initial FOV = 4
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1.6mm
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What type of cell is your cheek cell?
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Squamosal epithelial cell
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What is the most common dye?
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Neosin
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what is the study of microscopic anatomy of pant and animal cells and tissue?
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histology
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What may be used to define and examine bulk tissue, cell populations (e.g., classifying different types of bc's), or organelles in individual cells?
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Stains
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What is the process of dyeing living tissues?
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in vivo staining
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by causing certain cells or strucutres to take on contrasting colors, what can be studied?
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Their form (morphology or position within a cell can be readily studied
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What is the purpose of staining and what can it reveal?
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to reveal cytological details, and reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place within cells or tissues.
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What is fixation? What harm does it do?
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Chemical fixatives are used to preserve tissue from degradation, and to maintain the structure of the cell and of sub-cellular components such as organelles,
While it preserves the structure, it can damage the biological functionality of proteins, particularly enzymes, mainly through denatruation. Lipids are also removed in this process, so cells composed of adipose tissue look empty. |
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What is dehyddration?
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Replacement of the water in a tissue with a chemical like ethanol.
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What is permeabilization?
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Involves the treatment of cells with (usually) a mild sufactant. This dissolves a cell's plasma membrane, allowing large dye molecules to access too the cell's interior
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What is sectioning?
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Tissues are sectioned into very thin slices using an instrument called a microtome.
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What instrument will tissues be sectionined into very thin slices with?
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microtome
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what is mounting?
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attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis
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which feature of staining would involve attaching the samples to a glass microscope for observation and analysis?
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mounting
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which feature of staining would involve the treatment of cells with a mild surfactant
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permeabilization
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what would be responsible for dissolving a cell's plasma membrane?
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a mild surfactant
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What would allow large dye molecules access to the cell's interior?
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permeabilization
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What would replace water in a tisssue with a chemical like ethanol?
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dehydration
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which feature of staining would involve chemicals used to preserve tissue from degradation, and to maintain the structure of the cell and of sub-cellular components such as organelles?
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fixation
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What is one of the limitations of fixation?
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damages the biological functionality of proteins, particularly enzymes, mainly through denaturation
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Most hitologic dyes are classified as what?
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acidic or basic
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Which dye exists as an anion and which dye exists as a cation?
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acidic: anion, basic: cation
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what is the most commonly used stain in histology and histopathology?
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hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
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What color do hematoxylin stain, what do they stain? Why? Eosin?
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blue, nucleus due to an affinity for nucleic acids in the nucleus, while eosin stains the cytoplasm pink.
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What are 4 types of tissues?
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
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What lens would you use w/ oil immersion?
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100x
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What are the 4 types of epithelial tissue?
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simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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What do simple squamous cells line? What is its function?
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BV's and various tracts, lining of lungs, bv's, protects
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What do simple cuboidal cells line? What is its function?
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kidney tubules and the ducts of many glands, absorbs molecules
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What do simple columnar epithelium line? What is its function?
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digestive tract, goblet cells among the columnar cells secrete mucus, lining of small intestine, oviducts, and absorbs nutrients
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What cell secretes mucus, what type of epithelial tisssue would it be found in?
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goblet cells, in simple columnar tissue and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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What does pseudostratified ciliated columnaar epithelium line? What is its function?
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trachea, sweeps impurities towards throat
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What cells line the trachea?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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What cells line the small intestine and oviducts?
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simple columar
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What cells line the kidney tubules, and various glands?
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simple cuboidal
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What cells line various tracts and BV's?
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simple squamous
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what cell's function is to protect?
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simple squamous
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what cell's function is to absorb molecules?
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simple cuibodal
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What cells funciton is to absorb nutirents?
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simple columnar
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What cell's function is to sweep impuities toward the throat?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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What 4 different classes does connective tissue contain?
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connective tissue proper (loose fibrous, dense fibrous, and adipose), bone, cartilage and blood
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What joins different parts of the body together?
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connective tissue
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What is connective tissue proper?
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loose fibrous, dense fibrous, and adipose tissue
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what type of tissue occurs beneath the skin and most epithelial layers?
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loose fibrous connective tissue
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Where is loose fibrous connective tissue found? What is its function?
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beneath skin and most epithelial layers, support and binds organs
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what type of tissue supports epithelium and many internal organs?
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loose fibrous connective tissue
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Where is dense fibrous connective tissue found? What is its function?
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Tendons and ligmanets support
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What tissue if found in tendons and ligaments?
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Dense fibrous connective tissue
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What type of tissue is found in dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments and functions in support?
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dense fibrous connective tissue
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What type of tissue occurs beneath the skin, around heart and other organs? What is it's funciton?
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adipsoe tissue, functions in insulations
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What is blood classified as?
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connective tissue
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What is adipose tissue classified as?
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connective tissue proper,
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What is loose fibrous connective tissue classified as?
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connective tissue proper
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What does compact bone contain? What is its function?
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osteons, in which osteocytes within lacunae are arranged in concentric circles
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What functions in support and proteiciton for conn tissue?
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compact bone
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Which type of connective tissue has cells in concentric rings?
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compact bone
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what are the 5 types of wBC's?
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neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil, and monocyte
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Whihc type of tissue is specialized for contraction which usually results in movement, and are also multinucleated?
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muscle tissue
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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What type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus?
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smooth muscle
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what is the innermost liining of the wall of the GI tract?
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mucosa
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What is the band of loose connective tissue that contains nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels in the wall of gi tract?
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Submucosa
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What is 2 layers of smooth muscle found in wall of GI tract?
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muscularis
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What is the thin, outermost tissue that is the visceral peritoneum of GI tract?
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serosa
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What type of cartilage is found in the knee?
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Hyaline Cartilage
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