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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When do ecosystems change?
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Ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances, as some species die out and new species move in.
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What is primary succession?
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Succession that begins in an are with no remnants of an older community.
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What is secondary succession?
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A disturbance affects the community without completely destroying it, secondary succession occurs.
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What is trophic level?
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Each step in a food chain or food web.
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What are ecological pyramids?
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Pyramids that show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web.
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What does pyramids of energy show?
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Pyramids of energy show the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web.
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What does pyramid of biomass illustrate?
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They illustrate the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
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What does pyramid of numbers show?
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It shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
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What are in chemical and physical processes?
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Chemical and physical processes include the formation of clouds and precipitation, the flow of running water, and the action of lightning?
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What is Geological processes?
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Geological processes include volcanic eruptions, the formation and breakdown of rock, and major movements of matter within and below the surface of the earth.
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What is a genus?
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A group of similar species.
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What is the goal systematic?
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The goal of systematic is to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning.
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What is the largest taxa in Linnaeus's classification system?
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Kingdom.
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What can species do?
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They can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.
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What is phylogeny?
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The study of how living and extinct organism are related to one another.
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What is the goal of phylogenetic systematics?
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The goal of phylogenetic systematics, or evolutionary classification, is to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent, rather than overall similarities and differences.
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What is a clade?
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A group of species that include a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor-living and extinct.
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What are the six-kingdom system of classification?
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Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
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What does a cladogram do?
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A cladogram links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, ranched off from common ancestors.
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What does the tree of life show?
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The tree of life shows current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains of life.
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What is evolution?
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The process of change over time.
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What did Darwin develop in his scientific theory of biological evolution?
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It explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors.
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What are fossils?
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Preserved remains or traces of ancient organism.
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What did Darwin notice about the relationship with extinct animals and living species?
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He noticed that some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species.
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What did Hutton and Lyell conclude about Earth?
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They noticed that Earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present.
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What is artificial selection?
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In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful.
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What is homologous structures?
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Structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor.
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What is a gene pool?
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Consists of all the genes, including the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population.
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What is allele frequency?
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The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene.
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What are polygenic traits?
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Many traits that are controlled by two or more genes.
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What is bacteriophage?
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A kind of virus that infects bacteria.
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What did Hershey and Chase's experiment with bacteriophages confirm?
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It confirmed Avery's results, convincing many scientists that DNA was the genetic material found in genes-not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells.
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What is the role of DNA?
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The role of DNA is that it makes up genes and must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell.
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What does double-helix model explain?
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It explains Chargaff's rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together.
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What is replication?
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The process that occurs during late interphase of the cell cycle, and duplicates its DNA in this copying process.
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What do DNA polymerase do?
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DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA.
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What are telomeres?
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DNA at the tips of chromosomes.
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The three main differences between RNA and DNA are what?
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THe three important differences between RNA and DNA are first, the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose, second RNA is generally single-stranded and not double-stranded, third RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
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How is the genetic code read?
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The genetic code is read three letters at a time, so that each word is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid.
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Why do ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA for?
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Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.
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What is genetics?
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The scientific study of heredity.
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What is fertilization?
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During sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells join in this process.
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What is a trait?
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A specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height.
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What is Mendel's principle of dominance?
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This principle states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
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A karyotype shows what?
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A karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.
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A sex-linked gene is what?
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A gene located on a sex chromosome.
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A pedigree shows what?
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A pedigree hows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships between parents, siblings, and offspring.
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Why do humans use selective breeding?
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Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation, to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms.
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How can breeders increase the genetic variation in a population?
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Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing mutation, which are the ultimate source of biological diversity.
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What is biotechnology?
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The application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms.
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What is ecology?
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Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment.
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What is a biotic factor?
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Any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms, and bacteria.
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What is an abiotic factor?
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Any nonliving part of the environment, such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents, soil type, etc.
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What is photosynthesis?
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Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such a sugars and starches.
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What is chemosynthesis?
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Process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates.
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