Flashcards About Everything Cardiac!

Front 1

really deep Q waves can indicate....

Back 1

an old heart attack

Front 2

QT = ?

Back 2

length of ventricular contraction (systole)

interval should not be too long!

Front 3

what kinds of meds lengthen QT interval?

Back 3

psych meds

ondansetron (zofran)

Front 4

LV hypertrophy implies...

Back 4

longstanding ventricular HTN

Front 5

RV hypertrophy implies...

Back 5

longstanding pulmonary HTN

Front 6

change in axis =

Back 6

either electrically dead tissue OR more muscle tissue than expected

Front 7

in LVH, PMI is displaced...

Back 7

laterally and inferiorly

Front 8

pericarditis etiology

Back 8

usually viral, usuallys elf-limiting

Front 9

hemopericardium and pericardial effusion both squeeze the heart, so...

Back 9

LV can't stretch/dilate - backup of blood where it can't fill heart = cardiac tamponade = pressure on heart from fluid in pericardial sack

Front 10

chordae tendinae get stretched...

Back 10

when ventricle squeezes, valve backflows = murmur

Front 11

ionotropic drugs

Back 11

increase squeeze (contractility_ ex. epinephrine

Front 12

endocarditis etiology

Back 12

valves are vulnerable to bacteria that like to attach to leaflets (no pain receptors there, so no pain - mental status changes/fever/fatigue)

Front 13

IV drug users w/ endocarditis - which valve most often infected?

Back 13

tricuspid

Front 14

automaticity

Back 14

heart can start and maintain itself for a wile if sugar and electrolytes are tehre

Front 15

rest phase of heart is to prevent _____

Back 15

tetany

prevents rapid depol and repol past a certain point

Front 16

beta-blockers slow down _____ NS

Back 16

sympathetic

Front 17

sympathetic NS ____ time to threshold for SA node cells

Back 17

decreases - increases HR overall!

Front 18

BP =

Back 18

CO x peripheral resistance

Front 19

CO =

Back 19

SV x HR

Front 20

preload

Back 20

pressure required to stretch ventricle as far as it can go

Front 21

afterload

Back 21

how much pressure does it take to empty the ventricle against the pressure in the periphery

Front 22

preload is usually ____, afterload is usually ____

Back 22

fluid

arterial constriction

Front 23

the greater the size of a lumen (such as in ____), the greater the amount of wall tension/pressure needed to equalize pressure/push out fluid

Back 23

dilated cardiomyopathy

Front 24

beta-blockers reduce ______

Back 24

after-load and slow down HR*

Front 25

hormone control mechs for BP

Back 25

ADH, epi/norepi, antiotensin II, ANP

JGA in kidney

Thyroxine

Front 26

neurologic factors for BP

Back 26

B1 and B2 adrenergic activity

baroreceptors in carotid sinuses/aortic arch

Front 27

endothelial factors in BP

Back 27

nitric oxide

prostacyclin

thromboxane A2

Front 28

walk balance b/w keeping pt wet enough (?) and dry enough (?)

Back 28

wet - for kidneys - keep low creatinine

dry - don't drown - preload

Front 29

PR interval is ____

QRS is ______

QT is ______

Back 29

PR <1 big box

QRS <3 small boxes

QT <2 big boxes

Front 30

narrow QRS wave means

Back 30

signals came from above ventricles (normal contraction)

Front 31

high circulating badykinin can cause....

Back 31

edema (ACE-Is)

Front 32

cold lower extremities concerning for...

Back 32

oor arterial perfusionp

Front 33

NSAIDS can reduce the effect of all hypertensive drugs EXCEPT _____

Back 33

calcium channel blockers

Front 34

thrombolytic therapy drugs

Back 34

TPA (converts plasminogen to plasmin, promoting fibrinolysis)

Streptokinase

Front 35

Must constider _____ in adolescent pt with sudden onset SOB with exertion

Back 35

hypertrophic ostructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

Front 36

burning chest pain

Back 36

GERD

Front 37

tearingchest pain

Back 37

AAA

Front 38

sharp chest pain

Back 38

PE

Front 39

crushing chest pan

Back 39

MI

Front 40

prinzmetal angina

Back 40

pain NOT dependenty on activity - spasm of coronary arteries

hearlthy women in teh morning

Front 41

pleuritic chest pain

Back 41

think PE

Front 42

A1 receptors

Back 42

activate = vasoconstrict

Front 43

A2 receptors

Back 43

activate = vasodilate

Front 44

B1 receptors

Back 44

activate = increase conduction velocity/contractility/HR

Front 45

B2 receptors

Back 45

activate = bronchodilation

blcok = bronchoconstriction

Front 46

history questions for angina

Back 46

quality, location, timing, onset, precipitating factors, duration, radiation, relief with NT?

Front 47

NTG can also relieve....

Back 47

gallbladder pain

Front 48

UA on EKG/biomarkers

Back 48

can have ST depression but NO positive biomarkers

Front 49

you want rate control in an antihypertensive?

Back 49

NDHP! CCBs

Verapimil and Diltiazem

Front 50

"typical" MI symptoms may not be seen in...

Back 50

elderly, females, DM, psych pts

Front 51

counseling pts about htn

Back 51

"if we can aggressively treat your risk factors, we can prevent you from having these diseases!"

Front 52

2 things that can show tracheal deviation?

Back 52

Pneumothorax and SVC syndrome

Front 53

Hypertensive emergency is MOSTLY caused by

Back 53

acute CHF with pulmonary edema

then cerebral infarction/encephalopathy

Front 54

oxidation of LDL causes

Back 54

endothelial injury

direct inactiviation of nitric oxide by excess production of free radicals --> reduced nitric oxide causes increase in paltelet adhesion + pro-coagulant effects

Front 55

effects of tobacco

Back 55

independently increases CHD risk

potentiates HTN

decreases exercise tolerance

increases propensity for thrombus

MI risk declines 50% after one year of cessation

Front 56

DM effects on HTN

Back 56

hyperglycemia increases production of free radicals --> apoptosis

also reduces availability of nitric oxide --> decreased vasodilation --> decreased blood flow

Front 57

wide S1 split

Back 57

RBBB, PVC, VT

Front 58

shh-dub

Back 58

systolic murmur

Front 59

lub-shh

Back 59

diastolic murmur

Front 60

IJP _____ with deep inspiration

Back 60

decreases - inspiration decreases the thoracic pressure and increases blood movement intothe heart (venous return)

Front 61

causes of rhythm disturbance

Back 61

hypoxia

ischemia/irritability

drugs

sympathetic stimulation

bradycardia

electrolyte distrubance

stretch

Front 62

rales

Back 62

pulmonary edema