Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What type of memory lasts only milliseconds but is unlimited in the what it may take in?
|
sensory memory
|
touch, taiset, hearing, sight, smell -Z 226
|
|
|
___ ____ ____ is of limited capacity and degrades quickly if information is not held via a means such as rehersal.
|
short term memory
|
you can forget it ina SHORT amount of time Z 226
|
|
|
____ ____ ____ is unlimited in its capacity and is relatively permanent.
|
Long term memory
|
it lasts a LONG time Z 226
|
|
|
___ ___ concerns memory for long-past events
|
Remote memory
|
you can remember things that happened in the REMOTE past Z 227
|
|
|
Where is the main memory storage in the brain?
|
there is none
|
memories are most likely stored in the areas where they were first processed Z 228
|
|
|
The medial temporal lobes, diencephalon, and the basal formation play a role in what memory function?
|
consolidating information into long term memory
|
like a printing press- make memories permanent Z 229
|
|
|
Damage to the dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus often results in which syndrome?
|
Korsakoff's syndrome
|
result of chronic thiamine deficiency Z 231
|
|
|
____ ____ ____ uses phonologic coding
|
short term memory
|
STM Z 237
|
|
|
____ ____ memory is coded semantically
|
long term memory
|
this is why mnemonics are useful Z 237
|
|
|
the _____ _____ _____ stores speech-based information and is important in the acquisition of vocabulary
|
articulatory-phonologic loop
|
you need to speak clearly in order to hear the phonemes of your words Z 238
|
|
|
________ amnesia is the loss of the ability to encode new information, while _______ amnesia is the loss of old memories from before an event or illness. Z. 226
|
Anterograde; Retrograde
|
Retro = old
|
|
|
Declarative memory is _______ and accessible to conscious awareness. Z. 227
|
Explicit
|
Semantic and episodic memory are forms of declarative memory.
|
|
|
Nondeclarative memory is usually ______ and a person demonstrates it via performance. Z. 227
|
Implicit
|
Nondeclarative memory AKA procedural memory involves rules and procedures, rather than information that can be verbalized.
|
|
|
_______ memory refers to individual episodes, usually autobiographical, that have specific spatial and temporal tags in memory. Z. 228
|
Episodic
|
Remembering the details and events of your first date.
|
|
|
_______ memory refers to memory for information and facts that have no specific time tag reference. Z. 228
|
Semantic
|
Remembering the definition of a word.
|
|
|
The Hemispheric-Encoding-Retrieval-Asymmetry (HERA) model proposes that the prefrontal (dorsolateral) region of the _______ hemisphere is primarily involved in episodic encoding, whereas the prefrontal area of the _______ hemisphere is prominently activated for retrieval of episodic information. Z. 229
|
Encoding = left hemisphere; Retrieval = right hemisphere.
|
Retrieval = Right
|
|
|
What three major interconnected constellations of brain structures play a role in consolidating information into long term memory? Z. 229
|
Medial temporal lobes, diencephalon, and the basal forebrain.
|
|
|
|
What is the name of the looping pathway for the major declarative memory system, and what structures are involved in the pathway? Z. 231 & 234
|
Papez circuit: Hippocampus, Fornix, Mammillary bodies, Anterior nucleus of the thalamus, Cingulate gyrus, then back to the Hippocampus.
|
HFMAC: Having Fun Memories Are Crucial
|
|
|
What part of the brain is involved in reflexive movement of the eyes and head when orienting to visual stimuli?
|
The Superior Colliculus
|
These are parts of the midbrain that are elevations wtihin the roof of the tectum Z. 241
|
|
|
What structure is correlated with orientation to auditory stimuli?
|
The Inferior Colliculus
|
These are parts of the midbrain that are elevations wtihin the roof of the tectum Z.241
|
|
|
What two functions become available to us as the supplementary motor cortex develops?
|
Inhibition of reflexive reactions to contact (for example, the grasp reflex when touching an object). Combinbing 2 or more actions into a behavioral sequence
|
These develop between 5 & 9 months of age Z. 250
|
|
|
Patients with lesions to their frontal lobes will likely find improvement in executive functioning after taking what agonist?
|
Dopamine agonist
|
This neurotransmitter acts as a hormone but is also important in the control of motion. Z. 245
|
|
|
At a cortical level, the _______ __________, especially the __________ and ________ regions have important roles in attentional control.
|
Right hemisphere, parietal, frontal
|
areas of the hemisphere that is heavier and contains more white matter Z.246
|
|
|
The _____ _____, _________, _________, and the ____________ _________ are involved in attentional functioning.
|
anterior cingulate, thalamus, colliculi, and basal ganglia
|
These are subcortical structures. Z. 246
|
|
|
What is hemispatial neglect?
|
Failure to attend to the contralateral visual fields.
|
A lesion in any of the neural components supporting spacial attention may lead to this type of neglect? Z 243
|
|
|
What system plays a role in conscious attention to portions of your visuospatial field and directs the attention of your eyes to a point in space?
|
Posterior Attention System
|
The visual orientating system. Z 244
|
|
|
What role does the vigilance attention system play?
|
Mobilizes and sustains alertness for processing high-priority targets and is important to attentional functioning.
|
This system helps us to look for objects. If we are afraid of snakes and know that we are in an area where snakes might be this system helps us to "be on the look out" pay attention. Z 245
|
|
|
What test can illustrate the role of the anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex in executive attention?
|
The Stroop test.
|
"Red", "Green", and "Blue" These words are printed incongruent colors (red printed in green). Z 245
|
|
|
What did Allen Misky identify, and how were his findings related to attention and neuropsychological measures?
|
Misky identified three elements of attention, (1)focus-execute, (2)sustain, and (3)shift and a battery of neuropsychological measures which were considered to be sensitive to attention functioning. The test data revealed three of Misky's elements of attention, and an additional labeled (4)encode.
|
These measures can test attention functioning: WISC-R: digit cancellation and coding digit span and arithmetic, WAIS-R digit symbol digit span and arithmetic, Stroop,Letter Cancellation, TMT-A & B, WCST, and CPT. Z 245-6
|
|
|
The dorsolateral circuit is involved in? Z. 253
|
working memory, cognitive flexibility, maintenance of behavioral sets, selective and sustatined attention
|
cognitive funcitons
|
|
|
Orbitofrontal circuit is inolved in? Z. 254
|
mediation of emotional and social responses
|
feelings
|
|
|
what can result when when orbitofrontal funcitoning is impaired? Z. 254
|
impulsive, poorly modulated, and contextually inappropriate behavior
|
bad behavior
|
|
|
the anterior cingulate circuit is inovlved in? Z. 257
|
cognitive and affective/motivational processing
|
two processes
|
|
|
Damage to the anterior cingulate circuit can result in? z.258
|
akinetic mutism and bulia
|
apathy
|
|
|
what does the James-Lange theory of emotions postulate? Z. 259
|
people conciously experience emotion as a reaction to physical sensory eperience
|
emotions are reactions
|
|
|
what does the Cannon-Bard theory of state? Z. 259
|
concious emotional experience is separate from bodily sensation or expression
|
emotions are separate from body
|
|
|
what categoray of emotoins are automatic, preorganized, arise from sensory experience, and are processed through the limbic system? Z. 260
|
primary emotions
|
first
|
|
|
what categoray of emotoins require higher order cortical processing? Z. 262
|
secondary emotions
|
second
|
|
|
Name 3 of the functions that the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit is involved in.
|
Working memory, cognitive flexibility, maintenance of behavioral sets, selective and sustained attention, generation of strategic and divergent responses, verbal and nonverbal fluency, planning and organization , inhibitory control, abstract reasoning, memory search and retrieval, temporal-spatial "tagging" self-monitoring, insight, and judgment. Z. 253
|
This is involved in higher order cognitive operations.
|
|
|
The behaviors associated with orbital frontal damage can often appear similar to what DSM Axis II disorder?
|
Antisocial PD. Z. 255
|
Specifically behaviors associated with psychopaths and sociopaths.
|
|
|
Unlike a true psychopath, a patient with damage to the orbitofrontal circuit displays what?
|
Remorse for inappropriate behaviors. Z. 256
|
They also do not plan vicious behaviors or antisocial acts.
|
|
|
What is Abulia?
|
A less severe form of akinetic mutism. Z. 258
|
This is also associated with damage to the bilateral anterior cingulate damage.
|
|
|
Primary emotions are experienced by what region of the brain?
|
The Limbic system including the amygdala and anterior cingulate. Z. 260
|
Primary emotions include fear, disgust, surprise, anger, and joy.
|
|
|
What is the difference between primary and secondary emotions?
|
Primary emotions are automatic preorganized responses arising from sensory experiences. Secondary emotions require higher order cortical processing. Z. 261-262.
|
Secondary emotions include pride, shame, and anxiety.
|
|
|
What are the key structures of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory Area?
|
Hippocampal Formation and Parahippocampal Gyrus
|
Greek name means "sea horse" and "para" + "sea horse".
|
|
|
Circle One: Declarative/Nondeclarative memory involves conscious recollection of facts or experiences. (B. Pg. 781)
|
Declarative
|
Also known as explicit memory.
|
|
|
Circle One: Declarative/Nondeclarative memory involves nonconscious learning of skills, habits, and other acquired behaviors. (B. Pg. 781)
|
Nondeclarative
|
Driving is an acquired skill and is an example of implicit memory. The learning of skills involves plasticity.
|
|
|
Declarative Memory loss is typical of what type of lesions? (B. Pg. 781)
|
Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobe or Bilateral Medial Diencephalic Lesions
|
|
|
|
Circle and fill in the blank: Unilateral lesions of the dominant (usually left)/nondominant medial temporal or diencephalic structures can cause some deficits in verbal memory, while unilateral lesions of the dominant/nondominant hemishphere can cause deficits in _____-_____ memory. (B. Pg. 782)
|
1. dominant or usually left 2. nondominant or usually right 3. visual-spatial memory
|
Right hemisphere is for spatial memory.
|
|
|
Inputs from frontal, parieto-occipital, and temporal lobes to the hippocampal formation arrive via what structure? (B. Pg. 777)
|
Entorhinal Cortex
|
Sounds like "Into" + "Rhino" Cortex
|
|
|
Three components of the hippocampal formation are the ___ ___, ____, ____ B772
|
1.DENTATE GYRUS; 2.HIPPOCAMPUS; 3.SUBICULUM
|
1. named for it's tooth-like bumps; 2. this term is sometimes used to refer to all three components; 3. latin for "support"
|
|
|
The Hippocampus has different pyramidal cells sectors named ___ ___ 1 through 4 B776
|
CORNU AMMONIS
|
abbr. as CA
|
|
|
This is a white matter structure that curves through the ventricular system from the hippocampal formation to the diencephalon and septal areas. B778
|
FORNIX
|
means "arch" in Latin
|
|
|
what is the difference between declarative memory and non-declarative memory? B781
|
DECLARATIVE MEMORY= involves conscious recollection of facts or experiences; NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY= involves unconscious learning of skills and habits
|
one involves awareness the other does not
|
|
|
What is the difference between the functions of the dominant and nondominant hemispheres?
|
The dominant hemisphere is specialized for language and formulation and exectuition of motor tasks, the nondominant hemisphere is more important for attention and spatial processing
|
neglect will be more prominent in lesions in the nondominant, rather than dominant hemisphere B. 839
|
|
|
Under normal conditions, the right hemisphere attends strongly to the _______ side and less strongly to the ______ side, while the left hemisphere attends mainly to the _______ side
|
left; right; right
|
there is a slight attentional bias toward the left in most individuals B. 840
|
|
|
What defictis in attention are expected with right hemishpere lesions? Left hemishpere lesions?
|
Right hemishpere: profound deficits in attention to the left; Left hemisphere: mild right-sided deficits or no deficits in attention
|
in left hemisphere lesions, the right is still able to attend to the right side B. 840
|
|
|
Contralateral hemineglect occurs most often with lesions of the _______ _______ or ________ __________.
|
right parietal or frontal cortex
|
cortex areas of two lobes B. 841
|
|
|
What are the four main types of testing performed to evaluate different aspects of hemineglect?
|
testing for: sensory neglect, motor-intentional neglect, combined sensory and motor neglect and conceptual neglect
|
testing the senses, movement and the patient's representation of his/her body B. 842
|
|
|
Why are the frontal lobes so difficult to study?
|
lesions of the frontal lobes produce highly variable behavioral syndromes, many of which seem contradictory even within a single patient
|
frontal lobes have a wide variety of functions B. 847
|
|
|
What are the three classifications of frontal lobe functions?
|
1. restraint- inhibition of inappropriate behaviors, 2. initiative- motivation to pursue postive or productive behaviors, 3. order- the capacity to correctly perform sequencing tasks
|
mnemonic: RIO B. 849
|
|
|
What distinction can be made between left frontal lesions and right frontal lesions?
|
left frontal lesions are associated with depression-like symptoms, and right frontal lesions are associated with mainc-like symptoms
|
the two poles of bipolar B. 850
|
|
|
What distinction is sometimes made between dorsolateral convexity lesions and orbitofrontal lesions?
|
dorsolateral convexity lesions tend to produce an apathetic, lifeless, abulic state, orbitofrontal lesions lead to impulsive, dininhibited behavior
|
inhibited verses disinhibited B. 850
|
|
|
What are some disorders commonly affecting the frontal lobes?
|
head trauma, ACA/MCA infarcts, hemorrhage, tumors, brain abscess, Pick's disease, developmental abnormalities, frontal lobe seizures
|
because the frontal lobes make up a large portion of the brain, multifocal disorders are likely to affect the frontal lobes B. 854
|
|
|
The dominant hemisphere is specialized for ______ and step-by-step formulation and execution of _____ tasks.
|
Language; motor
|
English and Spanish are types of this; this word also means a car’s engine. B 839
|
|
|
The non-dominant hemisphere is specialized for ______ and ______ ______-______ gestalt.
|
Attention; integrated visual-spatial gestalt
|
When you focus on one thing you are paying _____ to it; combining sight and space. B 839
|
|
|
Attention includes two major components: ______ attention and ______ attention.
|
Global; Selective
|
Generalized behavioral arousal; focusing attention on a specific domain. B 839
|
|
|
The ______ ______ cortex at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes is especially important for spatial analysis
|
Parietal association
|
Name is “associated” with this “pair” of lobes. B 840
|
|
|
The parietal association cortex at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes lies directly in the dorsal stream, analyzing _____ and _____ of visual objects in space.
|
Location and movement
|
Place and motion B. 840
|
|
|
Vigilance, concentration, and generalized behavioral arousal are functions of what type of attention?
|
Global attention
|
Think world wide. B. 839
|
|
|
Patients with hemineglect commonly exhibit , in which they erroneously report the location of a stimulus given to the right side of the body as being on the left.
|
Allesthesia
|
Sounds like anesthesia B. 843
|
|
|
What condition is characterized by a patient who denies that the left half of their body belongs to them?
|
Hemiasomatognosia
|
Sounds like hemi-anosognosia B. 846
|
|
|
What part of the frontal cortex is anterior to the motor, premotor, and limbic areas?
|
Prefrontal cortex
|
Pre (before or in front) part of the frontal cortex B. 848
|
|
|
__________ __________ caused by head trauma often involve the anteromedial temporal lobes, as well as the basal orbitofrontal cortex, resulting in permanent deficits in memory.
|
Cerebral contusions
|
B. 784
More severe than concussions. |
|
|
________ can be associated with memory loss that is usually reversible, except for the hours around the time of the injury.
|
Concussion
|
B.784
Football players and boxers often get them. |
|
|
In ______ _______ ________ memory loss is often prominent.
|
Global cerebral anoxia
|
B.784
Can be caused by cardiac arrest. The brain losses oxygen all over. |
|
|
________ ________ ________ is a disorder in which patients abruptly develop retrograde and anterograde amnesia with no obvious cause and no other deficits.
|
Transient global amnesia
|
B.785
Episodes often occur in the setting of physical exertion or emotional distress. (The amnesia typically lasts 4 to 12 hours). |
|
|
___________ amnesia can occur during dissociation, repression, conversion, and maligning.
|
Psychogenic
|
B. 786
Memory loss for events of particular emotional significance. |
|
|
__________ amnesia is the inability for adults to recall events from the first 1 to 3 years of life.
|
Infantile
|
B.786
This is a “normal” memory loss most likely to occur as a result of ongoing CNS maturational processes, such as myelination. |
|
|
The ________ __________ and amygdala have reciprocal connections that may be important for emotional aspects of memory.
|
Hippocampal formation
|
B.789
Part of the forebrain and limbic system. |
|
|
A __________ is an episode of abnormally synchronized and high frequency firing of neurons in the brain that results in abnormal behavior or experience of the individual.
|
Seizure
|
B.790
A symptom of abnormal brain function which can occur in patients with epilepsy. |
|
|
___________ is a disorder in which there is a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures.
|
Epilepsy
|
B.790
Can be caused by genetic, structural, metabolic, or other abnormalities or the cause may be unknown. |
|
|
_______ means during a seizure, _________ means immediately after a seizure, and ________ means between seizures
|
Ictal, postictal, interictal
|
B. 790
A physiologic state. |
|
|
How do cerebral contusions and
concussions differ? |
cerebral contusions result
in permanent memeory loss, and concussions result in reversible memory loss |
re: memory
B. 784 |
|
|
What are examples of normal
memory loss? |
infantile amnesia, during or
shortly after awakening from sleep, passage of time |
there are three described in
the book B: 785 Table 18.7 See also page 786-787 |
|
|
What is the common cause of
psychgenic amnesia? |
for events with strong emotional
disturbance |
memory loss no related to
retrograde/anterograde amnesia B. 786 |
|
|
What are the three main nuclei of the
amygdala? |
corticomedial, basolateral, and
central nuclei |
part of the anygdaloid nuclear
complex B. 787 |
|
|
Name some causes of seizures.
|
head trauma, cerebral infarct,
anoxia, hypoglycemia, high fever, meningitis, encephalitis |
table 18.11
B. 795 |
