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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Label these parts of the Basal Ganglia
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1. Thalamus 2. Caudate Nucleus 3. Putamen 4. Globus Pallidus Interna/Externa 5. Subthalamic Nucleus 6. Substantia Nigra 7. Red Nucleus
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Virtually all inputs to the basal ganglia arrive via ________. Outputs leave the basal ganglia via the ________ ________ ________ and the ________ ________ ________ ________.
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Inputs arrive via the STRIATUM and outputs exit via the GLOBUS PALLIDUS INTERNA and SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS RETICULATA
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Inputs enter STRaight through the STRiatum and outputs Go out via the Globus Pallidus and Substantia Nigra
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Which two structures comprise the "striatum" in the basal ganglia?
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Caudate Nucleus and the Putamen.
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Which two structures comprise the "lentiform" nucleus?
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Putamen and the Globus Pallidus.
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It's called lentiform because it looks like a lentil
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What are the two parts that comprise the globus pallidus?
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Internal segment and external segment.
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What is the internal capsule and what is its relation to the basal ganglia?
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The internal capsule is a continuation of the corona radiata as it funnels down into more compact tracts.
Location: Passes through the gaps between the cellular bridges. |
Pages 692-693 in Blumenfeld
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The head of the caudate connects primarily to the ________ lobe, the body of the caudate to the ________ lobe, and the tail to the ________ lobe.
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Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, and Temporal lobe.
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Remember by visualizing what these structures are closest to within the brain.
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What are the four "channels" of the basal ganglia.
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Cognition, Occularmotor, Motor, and Emotion.
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Remember the word "COME"
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What do the terms "bradykinesia" and "bradyphrenia" mean?
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Slow moving and slow thinking.
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"brady"=slow (as in bradycardia=slow heart rate)
"phrenia"=thinking (as in schizophrenia=split thinking) "kinesia"=movement |
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The ________ pathway travels from the striatum and has a net excititory effect on behavior and the ________ pathway has a net inhibitory effect on behavior
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Direct Pathway and Indirect Pathway.
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DIrect=Disinhibitory
INdirect=Inhibitory |
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In Parkinson's Disease, the ________ pathway is impaired, causing a reduction in excitation of movement and thinking.
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Direct Pathway
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DIrect=Disinhibitory pathway activity is reduced, causing bradykensia and bradyphrenia.
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In Huntington's Disease, the ________ pathway is impaired, causing a net increase in movement.
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Indirect Pathway
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INdirect=Inhibitory pathway activity is reduced, causing ballismus.
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In addition to the better recognized "prototype" disorders associated with the basal ganglia (Parkinson's & Huntinton's) what are two other disorders associated with basal ganglia abnormalities?
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette's Syndrom.
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Clumsy stiff movements and hyperreflexia caused by corticospinal & upper motor neuronal damage are known as ________, while abnormal movements caused by basal ganglia dysfunction are known as ________, while jerky, uncoordinated movements associated with cerebellum damage is known as ________.
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Spasticity, Dyskinesia, Ataxia.
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Label these parts of the Cerebellum
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1. Horizontal Fissure 2. Primary Fissure 3. Vermis 4. Anterior Lobe 5. Posterior Lobe.
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The primary fissure of the cerebellum divides the cerebellum in an ________ lobe and ________ lobe.
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Anterior & Posterior.
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Primary fissure is a very deep fold which runs HORIZONTALLY.
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The cerebellum forms the roof of the ____ ventricle.
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Fourth Ventricle.
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In the cortex, ridges are referred to ________ while cerebellum ridges are called ________.
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Gyri & Folia
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Think Foliage because they look like leaves (Folia=leaves)
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The thick, durable shealth which looks much like the dura matter and separates the cerebellum from the inferior occipital lobes is called ________ ________.
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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The three main functional regions of the cerebellum are
_____ & ________ lobe, ________ hemispheres, and ________ hemispheres. |
Vermis and Flocculonodular lobe, Intermediate hemisphere, and Lateral hemisphere.
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Remember the mnemonic "The Volleyball Flew Into the Lake."
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The Vermis is important in control of ________ muscles.
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Proximal and trunk muscles.
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Lesion cause truncal ataxia and vertigo.
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The flocculonodular lobes are important in ________-_____ control.
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Vestibulo-occular control (balance and related eye-movements).
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Recall that when someone is very dizzy/drunk, their eye movements tend to be affected as well.
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The intermediate hemispheres is mainly involved in control of more distal (distant) parts of the appendicular muscles in the _____ and _____
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Arms and Legs.
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"Appendicular" refers to the word "Appendage." Arms and legs are both appendages.
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The largest functional unit of the cerebellum is the ________ hemispheres and is involved in ______ ________ for the extremities.
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Lateral Hemisphere, motor planning.
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It's also involved in cognitive functioning.
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Ataxia always occurs on the ________ side of a lesion on the cerebellum or nearby structures.
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Ipsilateral.
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Ataxia consists of two different components or aspects:________ & ________.
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Dysmetria and Dysrhythmia.
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DYSMETRIA=Difficulty judging the required effort to move muscles through a given distance--thus overshooting or undershooting a traget.
DYSRHYTHMIA=Deficit in the timing or sequencing of movement. |
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The walls of the forth ventricle are formed by the ________ ________.
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Cerebellar Peduncles.
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There are three peduncles: Superior, Middle, and Inferior.
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All cerebellar axons projecting upward are ________ while all axons projecting downward are ________.
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Excitatory & Inhibitory.
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Upward projecting axons are from mossy & climbing fibers, downward projecting axons are from purkinje, stelate, basket, and golgi cells.
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The Superior peduncle contains primarily ________ from the cerebellum, while the middle and inferior contain primarily ________ from the cerebellum.
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Outputs & Inputs.
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Mnemonic: the highest peduncle (superior) is closest to the higher levels of processing--therefore it makes sense that it contains outputs. Conversely, it makes sense that the two lower peduncles contain inputs.
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The Tentorium Cerebelli, which has sharp, stiff edges can cause damage if the brain ________ during swelling.
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Herniates.
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Cerebellar lesions are associated with ________ _____ in contrast to basal ganglia lesions which are associated with ________ _____.
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Intentional tremor & resting tremor.
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What are two ways cerebellar and basal ganglia functions are similar?
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1. smoothing motor movement 2. involvment in higher cognitive processing.
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The "prototypical disease" of the cerebellum and it's symptoms are what?
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Alcohol Intoxication. Sx: "whirlies" (vertigo, poor balance); unstable gait (truncal ataxia); awkward arm and leg movements (appendicular ataxia); slurred articulation; slowed thinking and poor judgment.
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Label the main structures of the the brain stem and surrounding structures.
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1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons 3. Midbrain 4. hypthalamus 5. Thalamus 6. Diencephalan 7. Corpus Callosum 8. Cerebral Acqueduct 9. Reticular Formation 10. Spinal Cord
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The somatic nervous systems consisits of _______ nerves that convey messages from sense organs to the CNS and ________ nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to muscles.
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Afferent & Efferent
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Afferent for Away from the periphery and Efferent for Exit from the central.
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The central nervous system is covered by three protective layers Meninges. These three layers are, from superior to inferior.
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1. Dura 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia
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Thinking PAD for padding.
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The inner surface of the skull has ridges that divide the cranial cavity into several areas called ________.
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Fossae.
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The three fossae are ________, ________, & ________.
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Anterior Fossa, Middle Fossa, & Posterior Fossa.
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Think MAP
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The meninges form three spaces called?
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Epidural Space, subdural space, & Subarachnoid space.
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When referring to orientation below the midbrain, the term equivalent to anterior is ________, posterior is ________, superior is ________, & inferior is ________.
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Ventral, Dorsal, Rostral, & Caudal.
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When referring to orientation above the midbrain, the term equivalent to anterior is ________, posterior is ________, superior is ________, & inferior is ________.
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Rostral, Caudal, Dorsal, & Ventral
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CSF is produced by the ________ ________.
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Choroid Plexus.
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________ are holes spread throughout the skull. The largest is known as the ________ ________.
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Foramina & Foramen magnum.
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Latin translation means big hole.
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When the ventricles become enlarged, is condition is called what?
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Hydrocephalus.
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A dissection which cuts through the brain from top to bottom, so that the plane is parallel to the face is called the ________ plane of dissection.
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Coronal
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The plane which divides the two hemispheres and is derived from the Latin word for "archer" is call the ________ plane of dissection.
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Sagittal
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The plane of dissection which is parallel to the ground is called the ________ plane of dissection.
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Horizontal.
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The four lobes of the brain are:________ lobe, ________ lobe, ________ lobe, ________ lobe.
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Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, & Occipital lobe.
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Which lobe is most closely assocaited with vision?
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Occipital lobe.
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Which lobe is most closely associated with hearing and language?
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Temporal lobe.
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Which lobe is most closely associated with "executive" functions?
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Frontal lobe
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The deep fold which divides the brain into left and right hemispheres is called the ________ ________.
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Longitudinal Fissure.
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Primary functions of the medulla include: ________ & ________
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Respiration & Blood Pressure.
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The "folds" in the brain are called ________, while the "bumps" are called ________.
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Sulci (sulcus) & Gyri (gyrus).
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The words "tract", "commissure", "association fibers", & "projection fibers" all refer to a collection of ______ ______, which represent the part of a neuron called the ______.
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White matter & Axon.
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the ________ is especially important because it is a sensory relay station for many different senses.
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Thalamus.
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