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209 Cards in this Set
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What two components does the zoological method of determining PMI include ?
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1. analytical studies of fauna
2. focus on faunal succession. |
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Define fauna.
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all animals occurring in specific region or during a specific point in time
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Faunistic studies can accurately determine what ?
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the age of a corpse.
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Faunistic studies are based on what ?
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ecological premise. Each sequential wave of organisms is unique.
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Faunistic studies requires ?
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entomological expertise.
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Limitations of faunistic studies?
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They CAN be used to estimated corpse age, but you need accurate data, collection, AND knowledge of perimortem activities. So all you can really say is "was available for colonization at this date."
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How many ecological categories of carrion community are there ?
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Five.
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What is the most important category of the carrion community? Describe it.
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Necrophagous (eat the dead), subsetted by the sarcosaprophagous (eat rotting flesh) sp. They feed on the carrion itself.
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What is the second most important carrion community category?
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Predatory and Parasitic. Feed on necrophagous spp. Include
beetles, flies, assassin bugs, and wasps. |
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Describe the third and fourth categories of the carrion community.
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Omnivorous species
- Both carrion and inhabitants Adventive Species - Use carrion as extension of their environment |
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What is the last (fifth) category of the carrion community and what does it do ?
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ACCIDENTAL SPECIES
Seek moisture Resting place Wide variety of insects - Plant-associating, others |
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Define the term ecosystem.
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A biological community together with its physical environment (=habitat) which functions as a unit to capture and cycle energy and which does this more or less independently of other ecosystems.
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What is the role of necrophagous invertebrates ?
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To be an important component of the food web..??
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Define environment (don't confuse with ecosystem).
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The total of circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms especially the combination of external or extrinsic physical conditions that affect and influence the growth, development and survival of organisms.
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Define trophic.
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having to do with the process of nutrition.
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Define trophic level.
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position of an animal in the food web.
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What are the five levels of a food web?
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Producers
Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary consumers Quaternary consumers |
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Besides the five levels, what are some other components of the food web ?
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Omnivores
Parasites Transformers |
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What are some examples of producers (autotrophs)?
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Plants on land.
Algae in water. |
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What are some examples of primary consumers (herbivores)?
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deer
grasshopper mosquito larva |
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What are some examples of secondary consumers (carnivores)?
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Lion.
Venus flytrap. Tiger. rat dragonfly fish |
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What are some examples of tertiary consumers?
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snake
fish seal |
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What are some examples of quaternary consumers?
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Hawk
raccoon white shark |
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methods for determining PMI (4) ??
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histological
chemical bacteriological zoological |
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describe the entomologist at the crime scene.
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- Should be at scene with initial investigation team
- Should have access to autopsy - Request scene photos - Proper collection kit |
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identify the ______ insects first??
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LARGEST
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WHAT animals may be hard to identify at the crime scene ?
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maggots.
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what do you rear out?
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the live insects to identify the adults?
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what do you do after you identify the adults at a crime scene?
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estimate the degree days.
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identify 5 parts of the spiracles...
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inner slit
middle slit outer slit button peritreme |
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in regards to larvae, what instar is the easiest to identify ?
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3rd instar.
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what is the relation between instar and the number of slits?
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equal. 3rd instar gives 3 spiracle slits.
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all larvae look similar (T/F) ??
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TRUE
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what characteristics are pronounced in the 3rd instar?
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spiracles
mouth hooks |
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equipment needed for collecting insects for forensic investigations?
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hand net
forceps / trowel thermometer vials, jars, plastic bags |
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supporting data needed for collecting insects for forensic investigations ?
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previous weather for area
on site weather data (5-7 days) photos/videos of crime scene record time of collecting |
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what information should be on the specimen jar label ?
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location:
date/hr of collection case no: sample no: detail: collector: |
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what are three characteristics of insect collection at an autopsy.
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-you may find different stages
-make sure to look at clothing, body bag, and other areas -take cooling into account. |
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what type of shape do you make when examining around the body?
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concentric circles
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what two types of samples do you take from around the body?
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soil and litter
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where do you retrieve soil samples?
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beneath the body especially near the maggot mass
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what weather data do you need to record?
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2 weeks before to 3-5 days after the discovery of the carcass/corpse
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what source do you use for weather data?
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the nearest weather station.
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what weather characteristics do you record?
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min/max temps
rainfall |
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do you collect adults or larvae first?
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adults
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how do you preserve/store the adults?
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pinned, and in alcohol
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what writing utensil do you use to label specimen jars?
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PENCIL ONLY
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label jar inside and ___ ?
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out
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when collecting larvae, which ones are the most important?
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the largest.
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how many larvae should be preserved??
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50-60, leave the others for rearing
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when collecting larvae, should you get a representative sample of everything?
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YES
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when collecting insects from the scene: from the body, what information should be on the jar ??
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geographical location
date/hr of location case number location on body name of collector |
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describe the types of meteorological data that should be compiled.
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ambient temp (approx chest height)
maggot mass temp ground surface temp soil under body between body and ground max/min daily temps at scene for 3-5 days |
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what are all the things you can observe and record @ a scene.
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Contact officer in charge
Observations of the scene (use death scene form) General habitat/location of body Sun, shade, vegetation, proximity to doors/windows (esp. if open) Insects and stages, locations Vertebral scavenging Predation of insects Possible insect artifacts on body |
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mouth hooks don't change slightly with each instar (T/F) ?
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FALSE
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how do larvae move ?
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by extension/contraction of the body.
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temperature is one of the most important _____ independent factors.
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density
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thermal death points exist for each insect --> what are they ?
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lower: -15 C to -30 C
upper: 60 C |
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equations for fahrenheit and celsius ?
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F = (9/5*C) + 32
C = 5/9(F - 32) |
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there is varying temperature threshold between species (T/F) ? All species have an upper/lower threshold and an optimum range (T/F)?
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True/True
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3 characteristics temperature for Calliphora spp ?
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min activity --> 4.4 - 15.6 C
hatch ---> 4 C no hatch --> 6-7C optimum range ---> 18-30 C |
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temperature has a direct bearing on estimating ______ ?
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PMI
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define heat budget
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Each stage requires a given amount of heat above lower threshold and below upper threshold.
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The entire concept of PMI estimation is based on the fact that insects are _______ dependent.
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temperature
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define degree hours.
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Total degrees of heat above lower threshold accumulated in 60 minutes
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define degree days.
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Total degrees of heat above lower threshold accumulated in one 24 hour period.
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describe the two cases where a person is pronounced dead.
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1. suffered irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
2. suffered irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem |
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define brain death.
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Coma and cerebral unresponsiveness, Apnea, Dilated pupils, Absent cephalic (brainstem)reflexes, Electrocerebral silence
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reversibility of death is dependent upon what ?
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capability of tissues to recover from anoxia (total decrease in oxygen level).
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CNS has high what ?
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sensitivity.
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what is the cooling of the body called ?
what should you check for this? |
algor mortis.
deep tissue. |
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the resistance of organs is what ?
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variable.
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how many minutes can transpire between the loss of oxygen and irreversible brain damage.
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4-6 min, and 15-16 min with cutting edge techniques.
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what two factors can cause variability in resistance of organs to irreversible death?
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age
temperature |
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physical characteristics of a brain dead person.
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Grayish appearance, marked swelling, herniation, anoxic damage, liquefaction
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how long does it take for brain death changes to become apparent after the end of cerebral circulation ?
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12-16 hours.
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define and describe PVS.
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persistent vegetative state.
DIFFERENT FROM BRAIN DEATH. Total permanent and total destruction of frontal lobe |
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do postmortem changes occur in variable order?
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no. there is a specific order. "postmortem clock"
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list the postmortem clock order....
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Circulation stops, chemical composition of body fluids changes, digestion ends, natural bacteria in gut takes over, animals begin to feed on body
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once dead, bodily functions _____ and the body begins to _____ down.
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cease.
break. |
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during algor mortis, the body cools to what temperature?
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ambient.
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at what rate does the body cool ?
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1.5 F to 2F per hour
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what part of the body cools the fastest and is not used in body temp determination?
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skin
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when determining body temp, which body core temps are used?
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rectum
liver brain |
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what factors could affect the rate of cooling in the body?
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clothing, body fat, air currents, immersion in water, size
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eyes show some of the __________ postmortem changes.
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earliest.
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[ocular changes]
thin film over cornea: ____ minutes cloudiness: ______ hours |
2-3
2-3 |
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[ocular changes]
settling of rbc's in the _________ |
capillaries
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intraocular fluid dries up in about ___ days.
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four
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if open, exposed areas in the eye develop ____ noir or a black spot.
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tache.
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describe the vitreous potassium changes in the eye.
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Potassium levels in the eye much higher than potassium levels in the blood
Due to the sodium-potassium pump After death pump no longer works, so potassium diffuses out |
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define livor mortis.
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Purplish-blue discoloration due to settling of blood by gravitational forces within capillaries
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how long will it take for livor mortis to be evident?
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as early as 20 min.
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how long does it take for livor mortis to be fixed ?
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8-12 hours.
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when does rigor mortis occur?
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right after death, the muscles flaccid (weakness, reduced use, paralysis)
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describe the rule of thumb with rigor mortis.
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Rule of thumb: takes 12 hours to appear fully, lasts 12 hours, takes 12 hours to disappear
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what conditions or activities make rigor mortis variable ?
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previous exercise, convulsions, electrocution, heat
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what happens with rigor mortis ?
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Fibers in muscles bind together
(Takes energy to relax) |
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define cadaveric spasm.
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Sometimes rigor mortis hits without muscle flaccidity
Occurs in deaths preceded by great excitement or tension ex. Drowning, murder, clenched fist holding object |
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describe stomach contents when it comes to death.
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Stomach empties at known rate
Digestive processes cease after death Solid food empties slower that liquid Starchy and fatty foods empty more slowly |
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how long does it take certain food types to empty?
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Light meals: 1 1/2-2 hours
Heavy meals: 3-4 hours Liquid: 1/2 hour |
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define decomp.
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disintegration of body tissues.
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define autolysis.
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self dissolution by body enzymes.
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define putrefaction.
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decomposition changes produced by action of bacteria and microorganisms.
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define Anthropophagy.
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destruction of body by predators.
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how does the body work before death/decomp ?
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During life, biochemical process preserve integrity of cellular membranes and organelles
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how does the body work after death?
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After death, cell enzymes leak out and microorganisms no longer killed.f
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first autolytic changes in organs rich in what? examples ?
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enzymes. pancreas, stomach, liver.
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describe autolytic changes that happen in the body after death.
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Digestive juices present at death begin to eat away at organs
Mucosal lining no longer produced |
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when does early decomp begin ?
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24-30 hours.
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what is putrefaction dependent on ?
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temperature and prior health of individual.
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what gases are produced during putrefaction ?
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methane, CO2, Hydrogen, Ammonia
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describe the relationship between the environment and putrefaction.
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body exposed to air decomposes more rapidly than in water, which is more rapid than in soil
1 week in air=2 weeks in water=8 weeks in soil |
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what is early decomp characterized by ?
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Greenish discoloration of abdomen
Breakdown of hemoglobin by bacteria |
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when does bloat (2) occur ?
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after approx 3 days.
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what is the bloat decomp stage characterized by ?
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Dark discoloration of face
Purging of fluids from nose and mouth |
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define forensic.
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relating to the use of science or technology in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of law in court.
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define pathology.
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the scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences
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define forensic pathologist.
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scientist that uses knowledge of body and body processes to gather information pertaining to death.
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When is a full autopsy necessary?
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Suicide, homicide, cause of death unknown, sudden death in normally healthy individual
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When is a full autopsy not necessary?
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When they are under the strict care of a doctor...
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name other stages/characteristics of decomposition.
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marbling
skin slippage and discoloration. |
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How does wrapping affect the body?
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May delay/exclude seres, may affect decomp rate, may favor later insect seres, clothing acts as wrapping
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talk about mummification.
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If environment dry, tissues won’t decompose as readily
Skin becomes leathery, shrunken and dark Can last in this state a long, long time |
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define adipocere.
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Waxy fat (grave wax)--helps preserve the body
In high humidity and temperature, body fats turn into clay-like, gray substance Bacterial enzymes convert unsaturated fats into saturated solid fats Takes from 3-6 months to develop |
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describe skeletonization
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Once all soft tissue removed, only skeleton remains
Rate of skeletonization depends on climate Temperate areas: 1 1/2 years In hot and humid areas: as little as 10 days |
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the difference between early and later bruising.
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purple/red then green
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the difference between cause of and manner of death.
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cause: medical diagnosis denoting disease or injury
manner AKA Medical finding or findings responsible for death AKA legal classification of death |
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what are the two broad determinations that a forensic pathologist has to make?
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cause and manner of death.
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5 types of manner of death.
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Homicide
Accidental Suicide Natural Causes undeterminable |
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describe the 3-part chain used in determining the cause of death.
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What caused the death physiologically, by what process did that physiological event happen, what triggered that process
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DESCRIBE natural manner of death.
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From age or disease
Usually under doctor’s care |
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what is the literal meaning of autopsy ?
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"see for yourself"
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describe an autopsy.
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Examination of cadaver to determine cause of death
Done by medical examiner or coroner |
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list some things coroners look for during an autopsy.
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fatty liver, brain tumor, enlarged heart, lung cancer, etc.
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list the 4 categories of trauma
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sharp force trauma.
blunt force trauma. physical injury gunshot wounds |
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list the 3 types of blunt force trauma, and describe the difference between them.
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Contusions: bruises (no break in skin)
Abrasions: scraping damage to skin Laceration: tearing of tissue |
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what causes sharp force trauma? list 3 types.
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Made by sharp instrument
Stab, cut, slice |
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describe blunt force trauma.
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Can cause death if sufficiently severe
May cause death with no major outward signs of trauma Cardiac concussion, ruptured organs, severed arteries, internal bleeding Areas covered in bone show different damage than soft tissue |
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stab wounds tend to (bigger/smaller).
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smaller.
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cut/slices can be _____ or _____ .
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small, large.
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name 3 factors that distinguish gunshot wounds.
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Differ by type of gun, caliber, distance, etc.
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how do entry and exit wounds differ?
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i don't know. they just do.
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After rigor has come and gone, and the eye potassium is at equilibrium, it is much _____ to tell PMI from body
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HARDER, so you have to use other factors. but insects are the most accurate when it comes to PMI.
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5 steps to determining insect PMI
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1. Identify insects present
2. Take temperature date 3. Figure out how old 4. Figure out what order 5. Account for abnormalities |
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time interval for stages of insect...
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Egg stage--3-5 days
Larval stage--1-3 weeks Pupal stage--3-10 weeks Adult--5 days |
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characteristics of fresh stage of body.
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Algor mortis,livor mortis, rigor mortis, autolysis
Ectoparasites leave body Eggs/early instars appear with onset of autolysis |
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characteristics of putrefaction stage of body.
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Begins with the onset of bloat
1-3 days Insect accelerate putrefaction Liquefaction of muscles larvae feed between muscles Then on muscle fibers |
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define seres.
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Series of blending waves of arthropods, each comprised of different organisms.
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describe necrophagous insects in terms of insect succession.
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They arrive on and in a corpse in somewhat predictable sequence, and other insects follow in succession.
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name the 4 stages of decomp according to Rodriguez and Bass
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fresh bloat decay dry
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name two reasons why insect succession is important.
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Extend PMI estimations
Describe or detect other incidents |
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number of arthropod seres are what?
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variable.
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According to Megnin, how many seres does an exposed corpse have ?
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8
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According to Megnin, how many seres does a buried corpse have ?
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approx 3, but the diversity is markedly reduced.
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Name the 8 seres
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fresh, bloat, putrid advanced decay (2), late putrid advanced decay, early dry stage, mid/late dry stage, late dry stage.
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What flies show up during the 3 seres of buried corpses?
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Flies
Root eating Beetles Rove beetles |
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With regards to seres, what is the summary of findings?
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Broad general agreement of orders and families
General agreement of sequence General agreement of dipteran sere |
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Describe the findings of other studies.
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1. Animal carcasses.
2. Number of seres varies 2-6 3. Attempt to define biological communities |
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define/describe the different degrees of burning.
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1st degree (surface burn)
2nd degree (blistering, most painful) 3rd degree (doesn't hurt (burned nerve endings)...2nd degree burns around it hurt) |
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describe the faunal response to CGS LEVEL 1-2
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normal
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describe the faunal response to CGS LEVEL 3-4
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faster, because of the more body openings.
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describe the faunal response to CGS LEVEL 5
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doesn't happen often.
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define CGS
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Crow-Glassman Scale
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describe the 5 CGS levels.
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CGS LEVEL 1: smoke death (smoke, burning and scorching around inhalation site)
CGS LEVEL 2: typical of CGS 1, more extensive CGS LEVEL 3: major portions of arms/legs missing CGS LEVEL 4: skull fragmented and absent from body CGS LEVEL 5: cremated: little or no tissue present |
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list some things people use to wrap bodies.
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Rugs
Blankets/sheets/cloth Plastic tarps/bags |
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why do people wrap bodies ?
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disguise, facilitate handling, cleanliness.
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describing burning in regard to bodies.
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Used to dispose of remains
Colonization information limited Depends on level of burning |
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in terms of succession, what do lose when a body is hung ?
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soil-dwelling insects.
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hanging is most commonly a result of what two manners of death?
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suicide
accident |
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besides the soil-dwelling insects, for hanged bodies, colonization is the same and location is _____.
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different
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what do the legs of a hanged body look like ?
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they are usually progressively black due to the settling of blood.
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what does burying hinder and limit ?
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decay process.
faunal succession (depends on nature and depth) |
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buried body faunal associates?
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basically: Surface inhabiting arthropods with burrowing behavior
Muscina stabulans Synthesiomyia nudiseta Fannia sp. Phoridae Coffin fly, root feeding beetles, rove beetles Soil arthropods--beetles, ants |
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in buried bodies in regard to faunal succession, there is a lack of ?
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surface dwelling insects.
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general observations of buried bodies?
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Process of decay similar to exposed bodies
Major groups of arthropods represented |
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define mummification.
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an artificial or natural process that causes a body or corpse to remain well preserved.
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define artificial mummification.
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treating a corpse with various chemicals to keep the body from decaying.
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what fauna do you expect to find around mummified bodies ?
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Tenebrionidae, Ptinidae, Anobiide, Dermestidae.
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what types of animals fall under anobiidae ?
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Woodworms or Wood boring beetles
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scientific name for the death watch beetle?
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Xestobium rufovillosum, known for clicking/tapping under the floorboard during quiet summer nights.
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when does natural mummification occur ?
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Occurs in high, dry temperatures
Bodies hidden indoors |
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list some occasional associates with buried bodies (3 families).
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Calliphoridae
Chrysomya albiceps Piophilidae Piophila casei Muscidae stored product pets (beetles clothes mites moths) Musca domestica |
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DESCRIBE natural mummification
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At low temperatures
Close to mummification Little putrefaction Still have seres, although extended Blowflies, beetles |
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where does decomp start with immersed bodies ?
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@ the head.
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will livor mortis appear in immersed bodies?
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maybe not.
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how long do fleas last ?
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24 hours
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how long does body lice last?
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12 hours
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characteristics of immersing corpses in water.
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Decomposition generally retarded
Skin of hands and feet Bloating Finger and toenails easily detachable Skeletonization ECTOPARASITES (body lice, fleas) show up |
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name the six stages of decomposition in aquatic ecosystems (PIG CARCASS STUDY BY PAYNE)
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submerged fresh
early floating floating decay bloated deterioriation floating remains sunken remains |
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what are the characteristics of the submerged fresh stage?
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Bloat
Aquatic Insects |
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what animals show up in the submerged fresh stage?
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adult hydrophilid beetles
hydropsychid caddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) chironomid midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) heptageniid mayflied (Ephemeroptera:Heptageniidae) |
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what are the characteristics of the early floating stage?
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Exposed abdomen: eggs
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what flies show up in the early floating stage?
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Submerged portions still inhabited by organisms in stage one
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what are the characteristics of the floating decay stage?
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Blowfly eggs hatch
Oviposition ceased by Day 3 |
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what flies show up in the floating decay stage?
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Coleoptera
Silphids, Staphylinids, Histerids |
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what are the characteristics of the bloated deterioration stage?
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Most tissues gone
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what flies show up in the bloating deterioration stage?
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Many maggots, beetles
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what are the characteristics of the floating remains stage?
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few maggots, stage ends when remains sink
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what flies show up in the floating remains stage?
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Histerid beetles
Small flies: Sphaerocerids, Phorids, Drosophilids, Psychodids |
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what are the characteristics of the sunken remains stage?
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Decomp completed by bacteria and fungi
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talk about saltwater submersion
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Fauna almost completely different from fresh water
little studied Barnacles Shrimp, prawns, crabs |
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how do you calculate a postsubmersion interval...
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Make use of organisms which attach themselves to substrate
Understand differences between moving and still water organisms no purely sarcophagous aquatic insects |
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what is the ecological function of immersed corpses ?
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Food for invertebrates and fish
Shelter Attract secondary scavengers Substrate for producers Substrate for grazers |
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characteristics of hydrophilid beetles (submerged fresh):
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Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae
Water scavenger beetles 284 species in North America 1-40 mm Long palpi Larvae predatory, adults |
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characteristics of hyrdopsychid caddisflies (submerged fresh):
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Trycoptera: Hydropsychidae
Water nymph 146 species in North America Adults 6-19 mm Larvae: streams and rivers Feed on algae, diatoms, crustaceans, insects |
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characteristics of chironomid midges (submerged fresh):
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Diptera: Chironomidae
Non-biting midtes 700 species 1-10 mm Resemble mosquitos Larvae aquatic |
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characteristics of simulidae larvae (submerged fresh):
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Diptera: Simulidae
Black flies Blood feeders Small, black/grey Larvae aquatic |
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characteristics of heptageniid mayflies (submerged fresh):
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Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae
Mayflies 500 species Clear wings, prominent venation Nymps aquatic, flattened, streamlined |
