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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Species
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Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
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Systematics
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The study of relationships postulated to exist among species or higher taxa such as family and orders
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Taxonomy
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The theory and practice of describing biodiversity (including naming undescribed species, arrange diversity into classifications and devising identification keys.)
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Cladistics
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A method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms. Basic idea: members of a group share a common evolutionary history and are "closely" more so that other memers of the same groups than other organisms.
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Synapomorphies
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Shared derived characteristics
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Apomorphies
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Advanced characteristics
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Plesiomorphies
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Ancestral characteristics
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Symplesiomorphies
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shared ancestral characteristics
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Autopormorphies
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unique characteristics
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Parsimony
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The simplest explanation of a theory
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Monophyletic
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Common ancestor and babies
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Paraphyletic
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All in a group except one
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Polyphyletic
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Descended or derived from more than one ancestral stock or source.
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Meristic
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countable
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Morphometric
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measurable
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Anatomical
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Finshape, scale type, vertebra shape, vascular divisions, muscle divisions
(taxonomic) |
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Osteology
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Study of bones
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Neurocranium
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holds brain, two divisions
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Chondrocranium
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bones of bone progenitor cells
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Dermatochranium
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bones make of skin progenitor cells
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Branchiocranium/visceral cranium
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Series of exoskeletal arches that originally formed as gill arch supports, holds jaw and gill
-5 arches |
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Mandibular Arch
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Branchiocranium
bones that form the upper jaw |
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Palatine Arch
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Branchiocranium
bones that form the roof the fishes mouth; often have teeth |
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Hyoid Arch
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Branchiocranium
bones that support the lower jaw and opperculum |
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Hyoid Bones
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connect the neurocranium to the branchiocranium
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Opercular Arch
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Branchiocranium
bones that form the opperculum (gill cover) |
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Branchial Arch
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Branchiocranium
bones that support the gills |
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Evolution of the jaw
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first arch became jaw, shark lower jaw, gill arches go from 9 to 4 or 5
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Canine
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large conical teeth frequently located in the corners of the mouth
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Villiform
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small fine teeth
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Molariform
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pavement like crushing teeth
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Cardiform
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fine pointed teeth, (as in pike) like a hairbrush
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Incisor
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large teeth with flat cutting surfaces
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Axial Skeleton
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The bones constituting the head and trunk of a vertebrate body.
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Notochord
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A linear group of cells that form the axis of a vertebrate. Most animals loose most of the notochord which becomes the disks between vertebra.
Sharks, Lungfish, Sturgeon, paddlefish and coelacanth fishes have retained a complete notochord. |
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Interneural Bones
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around spinal?
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Interhaemal
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fin rays
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Pectoral Girdle
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Attached to the skull by the post-temporal bone.
-not attached to vertebral column -for pectoral fins? |
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Pelvic Girdle
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Free floating in their abdoment, attached by muscle, some abdominal position, thorasic position, or jugular position
-in sharks, the girdle is isochiopubic cartilage which is fixed in muscles. |
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Medial Fins
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-First dorsal
-Second dorsal -Dorsal finlet (scrombroids) -Anal -Adipose |
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Paired
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-Pectoral
-Pelvic |
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Epidermis
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outside layer of skin, no blood
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Dermis
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Inside layer of skin, vascularized
-collagen |
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Dermis structures
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-mucin
-hagfish (thread cells=first mucous glands) -Photopores=produce bioluminescence -Chromatophores=color |
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Placoid
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Sharks, diamond shaped, come to a point in the middle
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Cosmoid
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Fossils, large plate-like
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Ganoid
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usually rhomboidal in shape, bowfin, sturgeon, gar, epidermal checkered pattern
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Cycloid
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Dermal scale, regular type, round and paritally embeded
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Ctenoid
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Round with comblike protrusions
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-ifmores
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orders
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-oidei
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suborders
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-idea
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family
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-inea
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subfamily
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-ini
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tribe
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Principle of Priority
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States the the first validly described name for a taxon is the name to be used
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Heuristic Model
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Of or relating to a usually speculative formulation serving as a guide in the investigation or solution of a problem: “The historian discovers the past by the judicious use of such a heuristic device as the ‘ideal type’
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Nonskeletal
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associated with the gut and involuntary action
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Cardiac
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nonskeletal, striated, intertwined cells found only in heart
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Skeletal
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voluntary, striated, 40-60% of fishes' mass.
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Myomeres
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A muscular segment; one of the zones into which the muscles of the trunk, especially in fishes, are divided;
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expaxial
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above axis
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hypaxial
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below axis
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supracarnalis
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top keel
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infracarnalis
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bottom keel
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red lateral muscles
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most of sustained muscles w/ mitochondria and vascularized
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Protractors
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erect single fins
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Retractors
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depress single fins
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Lateral Inclinators
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bend soft rays
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Abductors
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pull paired fins away from the body
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Adductors
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pull paired fins toward the body
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Tuna lateral rectus
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muscles used by some scrombridae as heater organ to keep eye warm, burn glucose
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Electric southern Stargazer
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Upper edges of the four uppermost eye muscles form an electric organ, produce enough electricy to stun a human
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Electroplax
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Electric muscle tissue
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Duct of Cuvier
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The vein leading into the heart
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Sinus venosus
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Thin walled, non muscular, 1st chamber
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Atrium
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weakly muscular (2nd)
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Ventricle
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Highly muscular
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Bulbous Arteriosis
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4th chamber in telost heart, elastic
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Conus Arteriosis
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4th heart chamber in sharks
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Ventral Aorta
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Artery leaving the heart
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Hagfish heart
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1. cardial -to head
2. branchial -to gills 3. portal -to viscera 4. two caudal -blood back from tail |
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Gas Bladder
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Gas filled sac located between the alimentary canal and the kidney. Filled with O2, CO2, and N. Controls bouyancy and aids in hearing, respiration.
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Pneumatic Duct
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Connection between gas bladder and gut (physostomic)
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Physostomic
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connected gas bladder
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Physoclistic
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unconnected gas bladder
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Rete mirable
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looping bundle of capillaries associated with the gas gland that functions as a countercurrent multiplier.
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Oval
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Resorptive region of the gas bladder, evolved from degeneration of the pneumatic duct and is highly vascularized
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Anterior Kidney
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hematopoesis
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Posterior Kidney
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Filter solutes
Calcium regulation Produce blood cells Remove excess water Remove metabolic wastes |
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Pronephros
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primative kidney
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