First Test Micro Vandenburg Usf (Set 2)

Front 1

What are the 3 parts of flagella?

Back 1

Basal body, hook and filament

Front 2

One flagella is called ___. 2+ are called ____

Back 2

Monotrichous. Multitrichous

Front 3

Lophotrichous

Back 3

tuft of flagella

Front 4

Polar flagellated

Back 4

single flagellum at one or both ends of cell

Front 5

Peritrichous flagella

Back 5

throughout the cell surface

Front 6

Chemotaxis

Back 6

movement of bac away or towards chemical. use chemoreceptors (involves methylation and demethylation of certain proteins, MCP or transducers

Front 7

How many ribosomes are in a growing cell

Back 7

up to 30,000

Front 8

Gas vacuoles

Back 8

photosynthetic bac have these to maintain optimal depth for O2 and light by controlling buoyancy.

Front 9

Inclusion bodies

Back 9

reserves materials (lipids, polysaccharides and inorganic materials ) for bac in harsh env

Front 10

Inclusion bodies in cornyebacterium

Back 10

store polymetaphosphate. when stained with dye called Babes Ernst bodies.

Front 11

Inclusion bodies in Pseudomonas

Back 11

store hydroxybutyrate for C and E

Front 12

What bac make endospores?

Back 12

Bacillus and clostridium. formed in response to environmental stress

Front 13

What are endospores made of?

Back 13

made in bac out of calcium diplicolate

Front 14

Why make an endospore?

Back 14

bc they are highly refractile (resistant to heat and drying)

Front 15

What are the 5 stages of sporogenesis?

Back 15

1. Replicate Dna. 2. septum in membrane. 3. forspore developes. 4. forespore engulfed (now has a double membrane). 5. Coat is formed

Front 16

Cell wall - Who has it?

Back 16

Plants, algae and fungi

Front 17

Cell wall What is it for?

Back 17

maintain shape and rigidity, protection against osmotic stress

Front 18

What is the cell wall made of?

Back 18

Cellulose or chitin

Front 19

Sterols

Back 19

only in euks. make cell wall stronger in absence of cell wall

Front 20

Ribosome size in Euk and Prok

Back 20

Euk - 40S + 60S = 80S. Prok 30S + 50S = 70S

Front 21

vacuoles

Back 21

filled with fluid, usually seen in plant cells

Front 22

Lysosomes

Back 22

contain hydrolytic enzymes

Front 23

Euk cell movement

Back 23

Flagella, cilia, and cytoplasmic streaming

Front 24

Euk flagella

Back 24

consists of 9 pairs of microtubules, motion done by ATP

Front 25

Pseudopodia

Back 25

in Euks, movement like amoeba, involved in cytoplasmic streaming

Front 26

Chemotroghs

Back 26

energy obtained from the oxidation of chemical compounds (org or inorg)

Front 27

Autotrophs

Back 27

CO2 fixation

Front 28

What kinds of nitrogen do bac use?

Back 28

Nitrogen gas N2, nitrate NO3, and ammonia NH3.

Front 29

How do bac use nitrogen

Back 29

components in proteins, cell walls, nucleic acids etc

Front 30

psychrophiles

Back 30

-10C to 25C

Front 31

Mesophiles

Back 31

10 to 45C

Front 32

Thermophiles

Back 32

30 to 80C

Front 33

Extreme thermophiles

Back 33

greater then 80C

Front 34

Ways of measuring growth

Back 34

Counting chamber, Viable cells measured on agar plates, filtration (.22 or .45 um), turbidity, mass, growth changes and activity

Front 35

Counting chamber

Back 35

counts both live and dead. Need a large pop (10^6) to be valid

Front 36

Counting bac by mass

Back 36

industrial application, centrifuged paste, measure mass in kgs

Front 37

Metabolic Activity

Back 37

measure change in pH, O2, acid, and metabolic product

Front 38

Growth curves

Back 38

lag, exponential, stationary and death phases

Front 39

Sterilization

Back 39

killing or removal of all living organisms

Front 40

Autoclave

Back 40

121C for 15 minutes with 15 lbs/in2 pressure. Done by using flowing steam

Front 41

Tyndallization

Back 41

problem changes medium. 100C for 30 minutes for 3 days. 37C incubated for rest of time

Front 42

Pasteurization

Back 42

Two Methods. LTH Low tem hold - 62.8 for 30 min. HTST High temperature short term - 71.7C for 15 sec

Front 43

Pasteurization bac

Back 43

kills most bac but not all. destroys mycobacterium tuberculosis, brucella abortus, salmonella and lactococci

Front 44

Filtration

Back 44

.22 to .45 um. viruses will pass through

Front 45

Hepa filters

Back 45

99.97% of bacteria removed

Front 46

Method used to kill bac on tools (syringes and glassware)

Back 46

160-170C dry heat for 2-3 hours

Front 47

Ionizing radiation

Back 47

gamma rays, cobalt 60 is used for this method with various exposure times. used with food

Front 48

Nonionizing radiation

Back 48

UV radiation (260 nm) causes T-T dimers in DNA

Front 49

Antimicrobial

Back 49

chemicals that inhibit or destroy growth

Front 50

Cidal agents

Back 50

kill the bac

Front 51

static agents

Back 51

reversibly inhibit growth of organism. if agent is removed then org can grow

Front 52

lytic agents

Back 52

cidal agents that destroy microbes by lysis

Front 53

Disinfectants

Back 53

chemicals that destroy disease causing microbes and their products on INANIMATE

Front 54

Antiseptic

Back 54

less toxic then disinfectants. usually inhibit but do not always kill microbes

Front 55

Phenol coefficient

Back 55

measurement of germical action compared to phenol. choline is 10. means chlorine is 10 times more efficient then phenol

Front 56

Phenol

Back 56

since 1865 and lister, 5% solution kills bac and most spores by lysis

Front 57

Alcohols

Back 57

lipid solvents. 70% isopropanol

Front 58

Surfactants - soaps and detergents

Back 58

surface tension reducers - disrupt cell membrane

Front 59

Alkylating agents

Back 59

formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide. attach methyl or ethyl groups to proteins and DNA killing microbe

Front 60

heavy metals

Back 60

Mercury, silver, and copper. toxic bc they bind to sulfhydryl groups of proteins. copper sulfate is an algicide. silver nitrate is infant eyes

Front 61

Antibiotics

Back 61

waksman coined phrase. he discovered streptomycin

Front 62

Factors of a good Antibiotic

Back 62

selective toxicity. inhibit or kill microbe. Doesn't hurt host

Front 63

What are the modes of action of antimicrobials?

Back 63

WMPM. Inhibit wall. damage cell membrane. inhibit protein synthesis. inhibit metabolism.

Front 64

Penicillin

Back 64

inhibit transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan. ihibit cell wall

Front 65

Beta lactamases

Back 65

produed by resistant bac can hydrolyze penicillin. Semi synthetic penicillins are resistant

Front 66

Cephalosporins

Back 66

inhibit cell wall and are resistant to beta lactamases

Front 67

Antibiotics that damage membranes

Back 67

polymyxin. nystatin and amphotericin B

Front 68

Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall

Back 68

penicillin and cephalosporin

Front 69

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

Back 69

Tetracycline ,chloroamphenicol, erythromycin and Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, kanamycin and neomycin)

Front 70

Aminoglycosides

Back 70

streptomycin, kanamycin and neomycin. impair 30S ribosome function

Front 71

Tetracycline

Back 71

interfere with tRNA attachment to ribosome

Front 72

Chloroanphenicol

Back 72

binds to 23S RNA on the 50S unit inhibiting bond

Front 73

Erythromycin

Back 73

binds to 50S ribosome subunit to block peptide formation

Front 74

Structural analogs

Back 74

resemble cell metabolites and compete. Sulfonimides are similiar to PABA (precursor to folic acid) blocks vitamin synthesis

Front 75

What are the 2 kinds of Continuous culture?

Back 75

Chemostat and Tubidostat.

Front 76

Chemostat

Back 76

growth controlled by flow rate of sys (fresh nutrients)

Front 77

Turbidostat

Back 77

device measures turbidity and adds fresh nutrients

Front 78

Synchronous culture

Back 78

All pops grow in same phases or stage of growth. Get products at optimal rate