First Semester Science 2009 Study Guide

Front 1

rock cycle

Back 1

the proccess in which rocks form, change, break down, and reform

Front 2

crystallization

Back 2

the process through which rocks form, either from molten rock or from coming out of solution

Front 3

plate tectonics

Back 3

the theory that the earth's surface, lithosphere, is divided into a series of segments which move

Front 4

atoms

Back 4

the smallest unit of an element that has the properties of that element

Front 5

ions

Back 5

atoms which have lost or gained electrons

Front 6

Force

Back 6

a push or pull

Front 7

Newton's three laws

Back 7

1. inertia
2. F=ma
3. action force/reaction force

Front 8

buoyancy

Back 8

push back force equal to the force exerted by the amount of water displaced by the object

Front 9

gravity

Back 9

the pull of an object towards the center of its mass

Front 10

Topography

Back 10

surface features of an area of Earth's continent

Front 11

contour lines

Back 11

connect points of equal elevation

Front 12

rules for a contour map

Back 12

1. contour lines never cross
2. circles show highest (hills, mountains) and lowest (basins, lakes) in a closed system
3. hachure lines show decrease in elevation in a depression
4. contour lines crossing a stream point toward higher elevation
5. the closer the lines the steeper the slope
6. index lines have numbers on them
7. on a map the contour intervals are always equal

Front 13

science process skills

Back 13

set of "steps" through which information is gained and verified, including observations, hypothesis, variables, writing procedures, organized data.

Front 14

observation

Back 14

information gained using the five senses

Front 15

hypothesis

Back 15

proposed solution to a problem to be tested; based on observations and previous experience.

Front 16

variables

Back 16

anything which can change in an experiment

Front 17

independent

Back 17

the one variable which is deliberately changed from one trial to another by the experimenter.

Front 18

dependent

Back 18

the variable which may change in response to changes in the independent variable

Front 19

controlled (constant) variables

Back 19

those variables which must remain the same from one trial to another

Front 20

procedure

Back 20

step by step sequence for conducting an experiment

Front 21

data

Back 21

observations of the changes made due to the manipulation of one variable.They are usually recorded on an organized chart.

Front 22

quantitative

Back 22

observations involving measurements

Front 23

qualitative

Back 23

observations of what occurs, very descriptive.

Front 24

types of mining

Back 24

1. surface mining
2. strip mining
3. open pit mining
4. deep mining

Front 25

density

Back 25

amount of mass in a given volume of space g/mL

Front 26

four spheres of Earth

Back 26

1. atmosphere
2. hydrosphere
3. geosphere
4. biosphere

Front 27

weight

Back 27

the pull of gravity on the mass of an object