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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gustavus Adolphus
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1594-1632
Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (wars/expansion) |
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Duke of Alva
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1508-1582
military leader sent by Philip II to pacify the low countries (wars/expansion) |
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Spanish Armada
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1588
Spanish vessels were defeated by the English fleet in the Channel, preventing Philip's invasion of England (wars/expansion) |
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Vasco de Balboa
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first European to reach the Pacific Ocean (1513)
(wars/expansion) |
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Catherine de Medici
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1547-1589
the wife of Henry II (r. 1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and the rule of her weak sons (wars/expansion) |
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Christopher Columbus
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first European to sail to the West Indies (1492)
(wars/expansion) |
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Concordat of Bologna
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1516
treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council, and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots (wars/expansion) |
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Hernado Cortes
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Conqueror of the Aztecs (1519-1521)
(wars/expansion) |
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Defenestration of Prague
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the hurling (by Protestants) of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War
(wars/expansion) |
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Bartholomew Diaz
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first European to reach the southern tip of Africa (1487-1488)
(wars/expansion) |
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Dutch East India Company
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government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies
(wars/expansion) |
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Edict of Nantes
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1598
The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France (wars/expansion) |
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Elizabeth I
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r. 1558-1603
Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations (wars/expansion) |
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Portuguese sponsor of voyages along West African coasts (1418)
(wars/expansion) |
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Henry IV
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1589-1610
(formerly Henry of Navarre) ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism, surviving St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, issued the Edict of Nantes, saying "Paris is worth a mass." (wars/expansion) |
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Huguenots
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French Calvinists
(wars/expansion) |
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Ferdinand Magellan
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circumnavigated the globe (1519-1522)
(wars/expansion) |
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Peace of Westphalia
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1648
the treaty ending the Thirty Years' War; allowed each prince (Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist) to choose the established religion in their territory (wars/religion) |
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Philip II
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r. 1556-1598
son and [less popular] successor to Charles V, ruling Spain and the Low Countries (wars/expansion) |
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Francisco Pizarro
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conquered Peru/the Incas (1532-1533)
(wars/expansion) |
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St. Bartholomew's Day
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August 24, 1572
Catholic attack on Calvinists on the marriage day of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre (wars/expansion) |
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Prince William of Orange
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r. 1572-1584
leader of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands (wars/expansion) |
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Cardinal Richelieu
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1585-1642
Minister to Louis XIII whose three point plan (1. break nobility's power; 2. humble Habsburgs; 3. control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy (wars/expansion) |
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United Provinces
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the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands who secured their independence from Spain
(they were Protestant; they were led by capitalist/merchant Holland) (wars/expansion) |
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The Thirty Years' War
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1618-1648
1. Bohemia - civil war in Bohemia between Catholic League (Ferdinand) and Protestant Union (Prince Frederick); Protestantism was wiped out by forcible conversion and Jesuit activity 2. Danish - Christian IV (Denmark) assisted the Protestants, but was crushed by Albert of Wallenstein (who ended up dividing Catholic forces) 3. Swedish - Gustavus Adolphus won some battles for the Protestants 4. French/International - France joined in (wars/expansion) |
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Edict of Restitution
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1629
All Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 were to be restored; only Catholics and Lutherans could practice their faiths (wars/expansion) |
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Alfred Mahan
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wrote "Influence of Seapower on History", which encouraged countries to develop their navies and led to imperialism
(wars/expansion) |
