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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology
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the geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century BC until the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with Church teachings and Scriptures
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Francis Bacon
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1561-1626
inductive thinker who stressed experimentation/empiricism to discover truth; wrote "Novum Organum" (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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1473-1543
Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Deism
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the belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork; God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny; the belief of many philosophes
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Rene Descartes
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1596-1650
deductive thinker whose famous saying, "cognito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and scriptures; he also discovered analytic geometry; wrote "Discourse on Method" (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Enlightenment
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the intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices; centered in France, the cultural center of the universe; a result of the scientific revolution
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Galileo
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1564-1642
Italian scientist who formulated terestrial laws and the modern law of inertia; he also provided evidence for the Copernican hypothesis; wrote "Two Chief Systems of the World" (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Laissez-Faire
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the economic concept of Scottish philosophe Adam Smith in opposition to mercantilism, urging governments to keep hands off the economy; he believed the role of government was analogous to the night watchman, guarding & protecting, but not intervening in the operation of the economy, which must be left to run in accord with the natural laws of supply and demand
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Isaac Newton
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1642-1727
English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law; synthesized many ideas of the scientific revolution (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Tycho Brahe
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1546-1601
Danish astronomer who gathered data on the movement of the heavens (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Johannes Kepler
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1571-1630
Brahe's German assistant, who formulated his work into three laws of planetary motion 1. elliptical orbits; 2. nonuniform speed; 3. orbit time is proportional to distance from sun (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Philosophes
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social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Royal Society of London
& French Academy of Sciences |
organized bodies for scientific study
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Tabula Rasa
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John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Voltaire
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1694-1778
advocated enlightened despotism; wrote "Philosophical Letters" and "Candide" (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Enlightened Despotism
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the idea that an absolute ruler would use their authority to promote reform; rarely (if ever) undermined their own absolute authority
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Adam Smith
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1723-1790
author of "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) who is credited with his arguments for laissez-faire and economic competition (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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1712-1778
writer of "The Social Contract" (1762) who argued for the general will and popular sovereignty in a radical form of social contract; also wrote "Emile"; beliefs later influenced parenting, the Romantic movement, & many governments (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Baron de Montesquieu
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1689-1755
In "The Spirit of the Laws" (1748), he advocated separation of the powers and checks and balances to protect the rights of the individual citizens; also wrote the "Persian Letters" (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Denis Diderot
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1713-1784
Edited the Encyclopedia, along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Encyclopedia
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published between 1751-1772, later 1776-1777, edited by Diderot and d'Alembert; a compendium of knowledge and a means for spreading ideas, proving the expansion of human knowledge and resulting greater happiness
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Cesare Beccaria
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1738-1794
Italian aristocrat who wrote "Essay on Crimes and Punishments" (1764), believing that certainty of punishment was more effective than its severity; he felt punishment should focus on rehabilitation (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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David Hume
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1711-1776
tried to define good and evil in pragmatic terms; argued that social utility should become the standard for public morality; believed the mind was a bundle of impressions in "An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding" (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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1759-1797
inspired by the French Declaration, she argued in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) that women needed to be treated as equals & emphasized the need for educational reform to improve the status of women (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Marquis de Condorcet
(Marie-Jean Caritat) |
1743-1794
wrote "On the Progress of the Human Mind", where the world has nine stages; the tenth is perfection (scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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John Locke
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philosophe who argued that humans are molded by society in "Essay on Human Understanding"; also wrote "Two Treatises on Government"
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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August Comte
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"The Course of Positive Philosophy" argued that history is divided into three stages: theological (works by God's will), metaphysical (works by natural law), and scientific (based purely on fact)
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Baruch Spinoza
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"Ethics" claimed that all determination is negation (metaphysics)
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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George Hegel
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"Philosophy of Right": thesis vs. antithesis leads to synthesis
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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metaphysics
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the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes ontology and cosmology, and is intimately connected with epistemology (how we know what we know)
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Herbert Spencer
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"Social Statics: Liberal Philosophy": human society progresses through competition; if the weak receive too much protection, the rest of mankind will lose out; justified lack of aid to the poor
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Jeremy Bentham
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"Principles of Morals and Legislation": emphasized 'the greatest good for the greatest number'; believed the colonies were a burden for the mother country
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Immanuel Kant
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"Critique of Pure Reason": transcendental logic
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Hugo Grotius
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"Law of War and Peace": tried to prove that natural law existed and states are bound by it; first to propose a "united nations" and believed that war should be outlawed
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Blaise Pascal
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"Pensees": believed that the gap between Christianity and natural science was great; man was not the physical center, but the thought center of the universe
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Count of Saint-Simon
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"The New Christianity": government should be directed by scientists, not politicians, who understand the operation of modern economy; government should serve the interests of the people
(scientific revolution/enlightenment) |
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Sir Thomas More
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"Utopia": basic problems in society are caused by greed; law should exalt mercy above justice; citizens who live by reason will live a nearly-perfect life
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