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89 Cards in this Set
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virtual representation
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When members of a society that cannot actually vote on issues are represented by elected officials in parliament. The english colonies argued that they could not have any taxes imposed on them because they were not represented correctly in Parliament and therefore could not express their thoughts.
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salutary neglect
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A British policy where Britain avoided enforcing strict, parliamentary laws that tied the English Colonies to Great Britain. This policy was enacted to allow the colonies to thrive by themselves and grow, and was in action from 1607 to 1763.
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second continental congress
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The convention of delegates that met in 1775 after the battles of Lexington and Concord. All the colonies were represented except Georgia. They drew up two initial documents, the "olive branch petition" and the "declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms". In 1776, they drew up the Declaration of Independence, and served as the first congress of the US, ratifying the Articles of Confederation.
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federation
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A government where several, to many independent governments are bound together under a loosely centralized form of government. The states of the US were a confederacy, with a mutual alliance between all the states.
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republicanism
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The political belief in the decentralization of government. Republicans wanted a modest central government, with most of the power lying in the hands of the state, or even the local government. They also wanted an agrarian economy.
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popular sovereignty
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The political belief that the will of the state is the will of the people. The colonies wanted a place in which the separate states could rule themselves, rather than monarch rule.
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great compromise
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An agreement between the large and small states to have two legislative houses, the House of Representatives, and the Senate. It represented a system of checks and balances; the House was based on population, giving power to larger states, but in the senate everyone had equal representation. This compromise was made in 1787.
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articles of confederation
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A document drawn up in 1787, and ratified in 1781, detailing the rules of the country under the confederacy. It talked about states' rights, defense, taxes, independence, etc.
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bourbon reforms
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Also known as the "Enlightened Reforms", where the spanish crown under the Bourbon family tried to reassert control of the spanish colonies through a series of actions. (The intendancy system, two new viceroyalties.)
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gran colombia
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A republic composed roughly of all the colonies if the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Simon Bolivar tried to create a republic with all these colonies and call it Gran Colombia, but it failed and dissolved.
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intendants
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The leaders in the intendancy system, which replaced corregidos and alcades mayores in the colonies. They were created so that the King of Spain had more power over his colonies, a check on local officials.
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caudillos
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A political-military leader that was the head of an authoritarian government. They were popular in Latin America. Iturbide is one such caudillo.
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nationalism
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The pride and support for one's nation. It focuses on the nation, and has a lot to do with popular sovereignty. The english colonies had nationalism when they were breaking away from the British monarchy.
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federalist party
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This political party lasted from 1792 to 1816, formed by Alexander Hamilton. It had a strong, centralized government and eventually fell. (wanted national debt, taxes, national capital city, etc.)
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democratic-republican party
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Founded by thomas Jefforson and James Madison in 1792 as an opposition to the federalisty party. They wanted a modest central government, with an agragian economy.
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expansionism
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A nation expanding its territorial base, or economic influence through means of military force. The US came to the agreement that no state would increase its size but more states could be added as the country grew. This was outlined in the Northwest Ordinance, established in 1787.
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embargo
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The prohibition of trade with another country. In 1807, the US passed the Embargo Act, preventing trade with Britain because of the Chesapeake-Leonard affair. It was also caused because Britain didn't want its trading partners to trade with France, when the US wanted to trade with both nations.
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strict constructionism
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Limiting the interpretation of a legal or judicial piece of work. The democratic-republicans particularly wanted strict constructionism, saying the constitution should be taken verbatim, and nothing more, in hopes of decentralization.
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loose constructionism
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The belief that the federal government can take action beyond what the constitution explicity states. Federalists were a proponent of this, hoping for more centralization.
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era of good feelings
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The period of time where the Federalist Party had dissolved and the only party in existence was the democratic-republican party. Nationalism grew exponentially during this time.
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war of 1812
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The war fought between the British and the US over a variety of reasons, namely the conscription of American soldiers into the british Navy. The US believed the British were violating America's natural rights, and thusly invaded Canada twice. The Indian sided with the British and the British imposed a naval blockade on the US. The Treaty of Ghent in 1814 brought an end to this war.
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indian removal act of 1830
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Signed by president Jackson in 1830, it was an American policy to move tribes of Indians out of the south to lands farther out west, so whites could settle on those lands. (Cherokee Trail of Tears)
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bureau of indian affairs
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A federal agency in charge of the management of lands set aside by the US government for Native Americans. It was developed in 1824 as the Office of Indian Affairs, originally a division of the Department of War.
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manifest destiny
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The belief that the US was destined by God to have lands that stretched the expanse of the north American continent, from Atlantic to Pacific.
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texas annexation
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Texas voluntarily annexed itself to the US in 1845 after being its own country for nine years. Under president Polk, a bill was passed in the Senate to annex Texas to be the 28th state.
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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Santa Anna was a mexican general that ruled Mexico off and on over a period of 22 years, from 1833 to 1855. He fought to keep Texas a part of Mexico but was forced to cede it to the US. He had a wooden leg, after losing half of it in a battle.
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bear flag revolution
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In the Bear Flag Revolt, a group of men, stormed into Sonoma and raised a flag with a bear and a star on it in 1846, to symbolize that California was breaking away from Mexico.
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treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo
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The peace treaty developed between the US and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American war. (15 million to Mexico, Mexican cession to the US). Was formed in 1848.
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mexican cession
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The name of the territory given to the US at the treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo.
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oregon treaty
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Signed in 1846 to settle the dispute between American and British claims to land in the Oregon territory. It set the boundary along the 49th parallel as the border between US and British land.
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donner party
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A group of California bound Americans that followed a man named Donner across the Sierra Nevada mountains as part of a new, "faster" route to California.
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jacksonian democracy
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The name given to the political beliefs of Jackson and his followers. Jackson supported the "spoils system" and a strong Federal government.
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american system
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Based on the ideas of Alexander Hamilton, it was the whigs plan to improve the nation's economic growth. It was first proposed by Henry Clay in 1824, and consisted of high tariffs, a national bank, and a national currency.
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upper canada
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Consisted largely of American settlers and a French population, governed by the British. Located up the St. Lawrence River, and invaded several times by the US in the War of 1812.
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lower canada
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Consisted largely of the French-Canadian population of New France, after it was ceded to Britain. Located down the St. Lawrence River.
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William Mackenzie
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Was an important leader in the Rebellion of 1837. He argued that American born settlers in Upper Canada should have the same rights as British born subjects.
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Louis-Joseph Papineau
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Leader of the Patriote Rebellion in lower Canada. He advocated for the boycott of all British imports to lower Canada.
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rebellions of 1837
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Consisted of rebellions in Lower and Upper Canada for responsible government; against the British monarchy in lower Canada, and against the "Family Compact" oligarchy in upper Canada. These rebellions led to the creation of the Durham Report.
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durham report
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Created in 1839 by Lord Durham, suggesting reform within Canada. It recommended government to eliminate dictatorships, combining upper and lower Canada, and the assimilation of the French population.
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british north america act of 1867
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Created a confederation of Canadian provinces, consisting of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. A constitution, parliament, and senate were all created at this time for Canada.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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He was a prominent abolitionist in the north. The wrote The Liberator, a radical abolitionist newspaper, and supported the immediate emancipation of slaves. He founded the New England Anti-Slavery society in 1832 and the American Anti-Slavery society in 1833.
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sectionalism
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The division of the country into separate parts, with peopel pledging loyalty for their separate sections. The US experienced sectionalism before the Civil War, and during it, leading to the secession of the south to become the Confederate States of America.
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emancipation
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Trying to obtain certain rights or equality for a disenfranchised minority, or group. The emancipation proclamation, written in 1863, by Abraham Lincoln, tried to set all slaves free.
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nullification
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The legal theory that state governemnt has the right to nullify any law that the US federal government deems unconstitutional. In the nullification crisis of 1832, South Carolina tried to challenge the Federal government by itself, but failed.
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abolition
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The act of formally repealing a law or making it illegal. During the Civil War, the abolitionist movement fought for the repealing of slavery and the halt of the slave trade.
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secession
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The act of breaking away or withdrawing from a larger entity or union. The southern states seceded from the US and became their own nation, triggering the Civil War.
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war of attrition
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Attrition is a style of war where the strategy of the army is to wear down the opposing army's resources. Usually won by the side that has better and more resources to begin with, aka, the north in the Civil War.
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antebellum society
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A term used to describe the period of time in the pre-civil war era where sectionalism increase. The antebellum society was teh oligarchy of rich people in the south that basically ruled the Confederate states.
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copperheads
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A group of democrats in the north during the time of the civil war, who greatly opposed the Civil war, and south immediate peace with the Confederate states. They did not want Lincoln of the Republicans in power, and believed the war was caused by the abolitionists, and opposed the draft as well.
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missouri compromise of 1820
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A compromise created between the Pro and Anti-Slavery advocates prohibiting slavery in the Louisiana territory, except for in Missouri. The compromise ended with Missouri being admitted as a slave state, and Louisiana being admitted as a free state, to keep the balance of power.
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kansas-nebraska act
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Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed those territories to decide based on popular sovereignty whether or not they would allow slavery.
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compromise of 1850
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The debate with slavery and new territory was again discussed. California was admitted as a slave state and Texas was given money as compensation for the Western territories it had to give up. The slave trade was also abolished in the District of Columbia and the Fugitive Slave Act passed.
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dred scott decision
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A supreme court case in 1857 that ruled that slaves basically had no rights. People of African descent could never be citizens of the US, sue, or own property. It also ruled that the US Congress could not prohibit slavery in federal territories.
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fugitive slave act
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Passed in 1850, this allowed slave owners to go out and search for their escaped slaves by whatever means necessary.
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anaconda plan
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This was a plan where the North placed a blockade on the south as part of a military strategy. This blockade blocked all major ports into the south and was proposed by general Winfield Scott.
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american anti-slavery foundation
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Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, it promoted the greater good of slaves and wanted emancipation for slaves.
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american colonization society
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This society worked to found Liberia, a colony on the west coast of Africa. It was created to take free blacks and "colonize" them away from America because many whites were afraid of slave revolt. It was closely monitored by the American government for several decades.
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free soilers
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These people were part of the Free Soiler Party, that existed during the time of the Civil War, advocation for the oppostion of slavery on western soil. They didn't want the expanision of slavery, but didn't advocate for the elimination of slavery.
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wilmot proviso
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Introduced by David Wilmot in 1846, trying to prevent the spread of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico, but didn't pass.
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ostend manifesto
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A secret document, written in 1854, suggesting the US purchase of Cuba from Spain as a slave state. The result never occured.
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antietam
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The first major battle of the Civil war fought on northern soil, fought in September or 1862. It was one of the bloodiest battles and considered to be a union "victory".
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shiloh
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Fought in April of 1862, this battle resulted in the defeat of the Confederate army at this time. Confederate forces launched a surprise attack on the Northern army.
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gettysburg
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Fought in July of 1863, and is frequently considered the turning point of the Civil war. It was a union victory; after three days of fighting, southern General Lee pulled back his troops.
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vicksburg
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Union general grant drove confederate forces into defensive lines around the city of Vicksburg. Grant beseiged Vicksburg from May until July of 1863, when Pemberton surrendered, giving the North control of the Mississippi River.
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freedman's bureau
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Passed on March 3, 1865, the Freedman’s Bureau Bill was passed by Congress to assist “freedmen” (aka ex-slaves) in the south. It was established to establish schools, hospitals, homes and provide food for these blacks. It spent $17,000 dollars on all these things, to help blacks get their start after the Civil War. It was disbanded under Andrew Jackson’s presidency.
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reconstruction
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This was the period after the Civil War, from 1865 to 1877, where the United States worked to “reconstruct” the south, by abolishing all traces of slavery. Reconstruction addressed how the southern states who seceded would rejoin Congress and the country again.
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radical republican
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Radical Republicans were part of the Republican Party during the time of Reconstruction that demanded harsh policies towards ex-Confederates after the Civil War. They proposed an “Ironclad oath” and the Wade-Davis Bill, neither of which passed. They also strongly supported the freedmen.
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civil war amendments
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The thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments were passed during 1865 and 1870, during Reconstruction, giving them the name the “Civil War amendments”. The thirteenth amendment ratified in 1866 abolished slavery. The fourteenth amendment ratified in 1868 created the equal protection and due process clauses. The fifteenth amendment ratified in 1870 granted voting rights regardless of race or color.
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segregation
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In the United States, much racial segregation occurred between whites and blacks post Civil War era. Whites in the south were particularly favorable of segregation. From the end of the Civil War, segregation was prominent in all the Southern states. Blacks were not permitted in white public places. The idea of “separate but equal” stemmed from this idea, when whites and blacks were separated in schools, buses, etc. Brown vs. Board of Education, and Plessy vs. Ferguson combated segregation.
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carpetbagger
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This was the term given to northerners who moved to the south during the era of Reconstruction, carrying large carpet bags with their belongings in them. They worked with freedmen to take control of the former Confederate states from 1867 to 1877. This was a negative term during that time period.
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scalawag
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This was the term given to southern whites to supported Reconstruction during the post Civil War era. They worked with carpetbaggers and freedmen to take political control of the south.
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impeachment
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This is the first step in a two step process to forcibly remove a government official. Congress impeached Andrew Johnson in 1868 for violating the Tenure of Office Act.
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civil rights
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Civil Rights are rights that protect the integrity and rights of people within a certain society. Blacks fought for their civil rights after the Civil War, from 1865 till 1965, one hundred years. Plessy vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Board of Education were two huge cases that challenged segregation and fought for the rights of blacks. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were leaders in the black civil rights movement, with two different plans, but advocating for equality of rights between blacks and whites.
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sharecropper
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When a person works and lives on another person's land in exchange for a percentage of the crops the first perons grows. Blacks were sharecroppers during the post Civil War era. They were allowed to work and live on their previous owners’ land, but in exchange, were required to give a percentage of their crops back to their ex-masters, as compensation or rent.
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martial law
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This is the system of rule in which the military takes control of the normal administration of justice. Martial law was imposed in the south during Reconstruction to give amnesty to the freedmen and supervise the local government and elections.
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civil disobedience
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This is an active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government, through passive resistance, or non-violent aggression. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a huge proponent of civil disobedience during the 1960s.
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lynching
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This is a process of killing people by a mob or group of people without due process of law. During Reconstruction, the KKK and other whites lynched many blacks to oppress them and keep them in line. It was a form of white supremacy.
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nation of Islam
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The Nation of Islam is a religious group that was formed by Elijah Muhammad in 1930, that advocated that Elijah Muhammad was the Messiah, or the messenger of god. Malcolm X was part of the Nation of Islam and preached its message during the Civil Rights movement.
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freedom rider
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This was the term given to people who rode on interstate buses into the south to test the Boynton vs. Virginia ruling outlawing racial segregation on public buses. This ruling was not largely enforced in the south and the Freedom Riders went to stop this segregation.
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de jure segregation
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This is segregation that is imposed by law. After the Civil War, laws were passed in the south separating blacks and whites in schools, public places, buses, etc. The Supreme Court first passed de jure segregation in the ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson in 1896.
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de facto segregation
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Segregation that is practiced but not legal. As laws of segregation were repealed, places in the south chose to continue to segregate, even though it was now illegal.
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black power
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During the Civil Rights Movement, certain leaders, like Malcolm X advocated for black power in the 1960s and 70s. It was a movement that emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions.
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affirmative action
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This term refers to policies that take gender, race, and ethnicity into account to promote equal opportunity. Affirmative action is used widely in colleges today in the United States.
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poll tax
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Taxes were put in place at polls to prevent blacks from voting for the Republican candidates in the elections. Many of the time blacks could not pay these taxes because of the economic disparities between whites and blacks. Blacks didn’t have the money to pay the poll taxes.
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literacy test
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These tests were put in place at polls to prevent blacks from voting for Republican candidates in the elections, serving the same purpose as the poll taxes. Many black were illiterate and these tests prevented them from voting in any elections.
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grandfather laws
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These laws allowed poor, illiterate whites to vote at the polls, by allowing them to surpass the literacy test. The laws tied the current generations voting rights to those of their “grandfathers”.
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jim crow laws
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These were laws enacted at state and local levels between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public places, advocating the “separate but equal” message for blacks and whites. They were passed only in the southern states.
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ku klux klan
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The first appearance of the KKK was from 1865 to 1872. The Klan originated to advocate white supremacy and to scare blacks into suppression through lynching, terrorism, and violence. Klan members wore white robes with conical hats and masks that covered their faces. In the 1800s, the Klan was a secret society but by the 1920s, members of the Klan walked freely, with uncovered faces.
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plessy v. ferguson
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In 1896, Homar Plessy boarded a whites’ only car on a train. Even though Plessy was only one-eighth black, he was still considered African-American and therefore required to sit in the blacks’ only car. Plessy took his case to the Supreme Court where he challenged segregation in the public transportation systems. His case failed on a seven to one vote, saying that “separate but equal” did not violate any part of the constitution, specifically the 13th Amendment.
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