First Quarter Project - Chapter 8- China Vocab

Front 1

Type of nation-state in which The Communist Party attempts to exercise a complete monopoly on political power and controls all important state institutions.

Back 1

communist party-state

Front 2

Foundation of communism based on the ideas of German philosopher Karl Marx and leader of the Russian Revolution V.I. Lenin. Marxism emphasizes the struggle between exploiting (bourgeoisie) and exploited (proletariat) classes. Leninism emphasizes the strategy and organization to be used by a communist party to overthrow capitalism and seize power.

Back 2

Marxism-Leninism

Front 3

In China, a territorial unit like a province that contained a large number of ethnic minorities, which have some autonomy in the cultural sphere but no power in most policy matters.

Back 3

autonomous regions

Front 4

Military strategy based small, highly mobile bands of soldiers (guerrillas) who use hit-and-run tactics like ambushes to attack a better-armed enemy.

Back 4

guerrilla warfare

Front 5

Process undertaken in the Soviet Union under Stalin and in China under Mao in the 1950s, in which agricultural land moved from private ownership to large state and collective farms.

Back 5

collectivization

Front 6

State plays a leading role in organizing the economy and most business firms are publicly owned. A socialist regime may allow the private sector to play an important role in the economy and be committed to political pluralism.
In Marxism-Leninism, the stage following capitalism in the transition of a society to communism, characterized by the imperfect implementation of collectivist principles.

Back 6

socialism

Front 7

Period in 1956-57 when Mao Zedong encouraged citizens, especially intellectuals, to speak out and give their views on how to improve China's government. Mao was shocked by the criticism of communist rule and created he Anti-Rightist Campaign to punish the critics.
Comes from the quote, "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend!".

Back 7

Hundred Flowers Movement

Front 8

large-scale rural communities first implemented during the Great Leap Forward that were in chareg of nearly all aspects of political, social, and economic life in teh Chinese countryside from the late 1950s until the early 1980s, when they were disbanded and replaced by a system of household and village-based agricultural production

Back 8

people's communes

Front 9

the system put into practice in China beginning in the early 1980s in ewhich the major decisions about agricultural production are made by individual farm families based on the profit motive rather than by a people's commune of the government

Back 9

household responsibility system

Front 10

nonagricultural businesses and factories owned and run by local governments and private entrepreneurs in China's rural areas. TVEs operate largely according to market forces and outside the state plan.

Back 10

township and village enterprises (TVEs)

Front 11

policies that aim to transfer some decision-making power from higher to lower levels of government, typically from the central government to subnational governments.

Back 11

decentralization

Front 12

a feature of China's socialist economy during the Maoist era (1946-76) that provided guarantees of lifetime employment, income, and basic cradle-to-grave benefits to most urban and rural workers. Economic reforms beginning in the 1980s that aimed at improving efficiency and work motivation sought to smash the iron rice bowl and link employment and income more directly to individual effort

Back 12

iron rice bowl

Front 13

a Chinese term that means "connections" or "relationships, " and describes personal ties between indiciduals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquintances. Guanxi are an important factor in China's political and economic life.

Back 13

Guanxi

Front 14

a term used to describe a group of countries that achieved rapid economic development beginning in the 1960s, largely stimulated by robust international trade (particularly exports) and guided by government policies. The core NICs are usually considered to be Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore, but other countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand are often included in this category

Back 14

newly industrializing countries (NICs)

Front 15

a person who occupies a position of authority in a communist party-state; cadres may or may not be Communist Party members.

Back 15

cadre

Front 16

a system of personnel selection under which the Communist Party maintained control over the appointment of important officials in all spheres of social, economic, and political life. The term is also used to describe individuals chosen through this system and thus refers more broadly to the privileged circles in the Soviet union and China.

Back 16

nomenklatura

Front 17

the term used by the Chinese Communist Party to describe the political system of the People's Republic of China. Also called the people's democratic dictatorship. The official view is that this type of system, under the leadership of the Communist Party, provides democracy for the overwhelming majority of people and suppresses (or exercises dictatorship over) only the enemies of the people. Socialist democracy is contrasted to bourgeois (or capitalist) democracy, which puts power in the hands of the rich and oppresses the poor.

Back 17

socialist democracy

Front 18

ideas first enunciated by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 asserting that all policies should be judged by whether they uphold the socialist road, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the leadership of the Communist Party, and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought. The main purpose of the Four Cardinal Principles was to proscribe any challenge to the ultimate authority of the Chinese Communist Party, even during a time of far-reaching economic reform. The Principles have been reaffirmed by Deng's successors and continue to define the boundaries of what is politically permissible in China.

Back 18

Four Cardinal Principles

Front 19

a Chinese term that means "unit" and is the basic level of social organization and a major means of political control in China's communist party-state. A person's danwei is most often his or her workplace, such as a factory or an office.

Back 19

danwei

Front 20

refers to the space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state, for example, professional associations (lawyers, doctors, teachers), trade unions, student and women's groups, religious bodies, and other voluntary association groups. The term is similar to society, although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society.

Back 20

civil society

Front 21

a political system in which the state attempts to exercise total control over all aspects of public and private life, including the economy, culture, education, and social organizations, through an integrated system of ideological, economic, and political control. Totalitarian states are said to rely largely on terror as a means to exercise power. The term has been applied to both communist party-states including Stalinist Russia and Maoist China and fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany.

Back 21

totalitarianism

Front 22

a nation-state in which the government carries out policies that effectively promote national economic growth.

Back 22

developmental state

Front 23

was launched by Chinese Communist Party Chairman MoZedong in 1957 in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Movement. Campaign was amed at critics of the CCP who were labeled as "rightisits"

Back 23

Anti-Rights Campaign

Front 24

a utopian effort to accelerate the country's economic development by relying on the labor power and revoluionary enthusiasm of the masses while also propelling China into a radically egalitarian era of true communism

Back 24

Great Leap Forward

Front 25

a system of socal orgaizaton base on the common ownership and coordination of prodution

Back 25

communism

Front 26

an ideological crusade designed to jolt China back toward Mao Zedong's vision of socalism

Back 26

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Front 27

betrayal of Mao Zedong's version of communist ideology known as Mao Zedong Thought

Back 27

revisonism

Front 28

the state owns or controls most economic resources, and economic activity is driven by government planning and commands rather than by market forces

Back 28

command economy

Front 29

a term use to refer to China's current economic system; it is ment to convey the mix of state control and market forces

Back 29

socialist market economy