First Bio Of Aids Midterm

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Dogma of Biology = DNA ->RNA-> Protein

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HIV violates the dogma, so do all retroviruses

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Forerunners of the immune system

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Lymphopoietic Cells

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Large, amoeboid cells that function as phagocytes to initiate the immune process

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Macrophages

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Type of immunity resulting from activity of B-lymphocytes

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Antibody mediated response

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Prevents the immune process from becoming too exaggerated.

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Suppressor T-lymphocyte

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Also known as a T8 cell

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Suppressor T-lymphocyte

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Products of B-lymphocytes and plasma cells

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Antibodies

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Organ in the embryonic chick where b-lymphocytes are modified

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Bursa of Fabricius

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Type of immunity involving a direct assault on microorganisms by body cells

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Cell mediated immunity

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Site where T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are found

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Spleen

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General class of body cells to which lymphocytes belong

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White blood cells

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Attacks microorganisms but is less specialized than cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

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Natural killer cells

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Antigens present on all body cells that define a individual's uniqueness

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MHC proteins

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Also called a CD4 cell

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Helper T-lymphocyte

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Type of immunity resulting from activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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Cell mediated immunity

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Exerts a lethal hit on fungus infected and protozoa-infected cells

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Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

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Composed of 4 chains of amino acids

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Antibodies

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Organ in which cells are modified to form T-lymphocytes

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Thymus

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Type of T-lymphocyte unaffected by HIV

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Suppressor T-lymphocyte

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A substance usually a protein or a polysaccharide which stimulates the immune system

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Antigen

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Located on the surface of unstimulated B-lymphocytes

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Antibodies

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Normally twice as common as suppressor T-lymphocytes

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Helper T-lymphocytes

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White blood cells that specialize in engulfing and destroying foreign materials

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Phagocytes

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First lymphocyte encountered by an antigen bearing macrophage

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Helper T lymphocytes

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Highly reactive proteins from helper T-lymphocytes that stimulate other lymphocytes

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Lymphokines

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Type of immunity involving activity of antibodies

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Antibody mediated immunity

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Special Y-shaped proteins composed of constant and variable regions. The variable region has a special configuration that matches that of the antigen and binds to it, the constant region helps to eliminate it.

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Antibody

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Antibody-generating substance, a substance that stimulates the immune response.

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Antigen

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­ Lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow. When stimulated by antigens, they are converted into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

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B - Cells

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Membrane-bound immunoglobulin on the surface of B cells that specifically recognizes intact antigen and triggers a B cell immune response

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B cell antigen receptor

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Blood-cell producing tissue inside the bones that makes the red (erythrocytes) and white (leukocytes) blood cells

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Bone Marrow

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The activation of T-cells, B-cells and other cells involved in the immune response.

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Cell-mediated response

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(interleukins, IL) growth factors and hormones that stimulate the division and maturation of leukocytes

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Cytokines

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Lymphocytes that, when exposed to an antigen, stimulate other immune-system responses. Cells with the T4 (CD4) antigen on their surface.

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Helper T-cells

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The production of antibodies by plasma (B) cells; the defense by fluids ("humors") ­ the antibody response.

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Humoral response

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A substance produced by the body that inhibits viral DNA-RNA transcripts.

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Interferon

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­ A naturally occurring protein that functions as an immune-system activator.

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Interleukin 2

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­ Lymphocytes that directly kill viruses, bacteria or body cells infected with them. Cells with the T8 (CD8) antigen on their surface.

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Killer t-cells or cytotoxic t cells

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Secondary lymphoid organs found throughout the body that contain mature lymphocytes capable of responding to foreign antigens.

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Lymph nodes

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­ A grouping of white blood cells, which includes T-cells and B-cells.

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Lymphocyte

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­ Large phagocytic ("cell eating") white blood cells that engulf and destroy invaders or present them to other immune-system cells (antigen-presenting cells, APCs). Located in the tissues

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Marophages

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Specific cell surface proteins that characterize the tissue or cell as self or non-self. These proteins also help to regulate the immune response of the T-cells. In humans, they are coded for by a group of genes on the sixth chromosome.

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MHC Proteins (Major histocompatibility complex)

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Found on all nucleated cells, "self molecules"

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Class I MHC

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Found on macrophages, B and T cells.

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Class II MHC

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a population of B-cells that after exposure to an antigen the first time acquire a "molecular memory", so that on a second exposure to the same antigen they respond more quickly.

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Memory cells

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A phagocytic white blood cell that is circulating in the blood

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Monocyte

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Is immediate and general in nature; physical barriers such as the skin, chemicals such as lysozyme and the inflammatory response are involved in nonspecific responses.

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Nonspecific Response

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­ Any cell that can engulf other cells or substances.

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Phagocyte

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Antibody-producing B cell.

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Plasma cell

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An immune response to a specific antigen. This response can have a cell-mediated component and a humoral component (the production of antibodies).

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Specific immune response

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Diminishes/controls specific immune response. Carries the T8 (CD8) antigen on their surface

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Suppressor T cells

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Specifically recognizes processed antigens bound to MHC class I and II molecules.

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T cell receptor

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Primary lymphoid organ located above the heart from which T cells are derived.

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Thymus