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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bias introduced when a clinician is aware of the treatment type.
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Observational bias
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Bias introduced when screen detects a disease earlier and thus lengthens the time from dx to death
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Lead-time bias
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If you want to know if geographical location affects infant mortality rate but most variation in infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, then socioeconomic status would be considered a what?
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Confounding variable
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The number of true positive divided by the total number of pts w/ diease.
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Sensitivity.
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Sensitive tests have low false negatives and are thus used to rule _____ a disease.
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Out
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PPD reactivity is used as a screening test b.c most ppl w/ TB (except those who are anergic) will have a + PPD. So is it highly sensitive or highly specific?
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sensitive
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Do chronic diseases have higher incidence or prevalence?
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Higher prevalence
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Epidemics such as influenze have higher incidence or prevalance?
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Higher incidence
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Cross-section studies give you incidence or prevalence?
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Prevalence
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Cohort studies can measure incidence or prevalence?
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both
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Case control studies measure incience or prevalence?
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Neither
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A test that consistently gives identical results but the results are wrong is what?
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High reliability, low validity
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Difference between a cohort study and a case-control study
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Cohort studies can be used to calculate relative risk, incidence, and/or odds ration. Case control studies can be used to calculate odds ratio (ie case control studies cannot be used to calculare RR!)
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(incidence rate of a disease in exposed ppl) - (incidence rate of a disease in non-exposed ppl)
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Attributable risk
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(The incidence rate of a disease in a population exposed to a particular factor) / (the incidence rate of those not exposed)
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relative risk
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The likelihood of a disease among ppl exposed to a risk factor compared to those who have not been exposed to the risk factor
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Odds ratio
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1 / [ (rate in untreated group) - (rate in untreated group) ]
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Number needed to treat
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In which pts do you initiate screen for colon cancer early?
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Pts w/ IBD, FAP, HNPCC, and those who have first-degree relatives w/ colon cancer or w/ adenomatous polyps
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The most common cancer in men; the most common cancer killer in men.
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prostate and lung
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Percentage of cases w/in 1 SD of the mean? w/in 2 SDs? 3?
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68%, 95.4%, and 99.7%
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Number of live births per 1000 population in one year
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Birth rate
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Number of live births per 1000 females (age 15-44) in one year
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fertility rate
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Number of deaths per 1000 ppl in population in one year
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Mortality rate
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Number of death from birth to 28 days per 1000 live births in one year
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Neonatal mortality rate
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Number of deaths from 28 days to 1 year per 1000 live births in one year
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Postnatal mortality rate
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Number of deaths from birth to 1 year per 1000 live births in one year (ie neonatal mortality rate + postnatal mortality rate)
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Infant mortality rate
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Number of deaths from 20 weeks gestation to birth per 1000 total births in one year
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Fetal mortality rate
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Number of deaths from 20 weeks gestation to one month of life per 1000 total births in one year
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Perinatal mortality rate
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Number of deaths during pregnancy to 90 days postpartum per !100,000! live births in one year
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Maternal mortality rate
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