First Aid - Respiratory - Anatomy

Front 1

What is the path of air from the mouth to the lungs?

Back 1

trachea - bronchi (mainstem, lobar, segmental) - bronchioles (terminal, respiratory) - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs

Front 2

Conducting zone

Back 2

everything from the mouth to the terminal bronchioles (nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles)
*brings air in and out - anatomic dead space!
- walls contain smooth muscle

Front 3

what part of the conducting zones contains cartilage?

Back 3

trachea and bronchi
the cartilage is found after the submucosa

Front 4

what is the anatomic dead space

Back 4

area where no gas exchange occurs - just brings air in and out of the lungs
includes: nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles

Front 5

Respiratory zone

Back 5

area where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Front 6

what is the histology of the bronchus?

Back 6

pseudostratified columnar epithelium
1 goblet cell for every 10 ciliated cells

Front 7

Where do goblet cells extend to?

Back 7

terminal bronchioles

Front 8

Where do pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells extend to?

Back 8

respiratory bronchioles

Front 9

What clears the debris in the alveoli?

Back 9

macrophages

Front 10

How are mucous secretions swept out of the lungs towards the mouth?

Back 10

by ciliated cells

Front 11

What is 97% of alveolar surfaces?

Back 11

Type I pneumocytes - line the alveoli. Squamous; thin for optimal gas diffusion

Front 12

What is 3% of alveolar surfaces?

Back 12

type II pneumocytes - secrete pulmonary surfactant (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine), which decreases the alveolar surface tension.
- cubodial and clustered.
serve as precursors to type I cells and other type II cells. type II cells proliferate during lung damage

Front 13

What the the function of the cubodial cells in the alveoli that are clustered?

Back 13

type II pneumocytes - job is to produce surfactant (to decreased the alveolar surface tension)
- serve as precursors to type I and type II pneumocytes

Front 14

What type of cells proliferate during damage to the lung?

Back 14

type II cells

Front 15

What is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)?

Back 15

surfactant - released by type II pneumocytes in the lungs - decrease the surface tension of the alveoli

Front 16

What are clara cells?

Back 16

nonciliated; columnar with secretory granules. Secrete component of surfactant; degrade toxins; act as reserve cells

Front 17

What cells secrete components of surfactant; degrade toxins; act as reserve cells in the lungs?

Back 17

clara cells - noncilated columar cels with secretory granules

Front 18

Where are lamellar bodies located?

Back 18

inside type II pneumocytes - which secrete surfactant and serve as precursors to type I and type II pneumocytes

Front 19

What is indicative of fetal lung maturity?

Back 19

lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio >2.0 in amniotic fluid

Front 20

What does each bronchopulmonary segment have?

Back 20

tertiary (segmental) bronchus and 2 arteries (bronchial and pulmonary) in the center and veins and lymphatic ducts drain along the borders

Front 21

Where does the pulmonary and broncial arteries run? What do each of them bring to the lung?

Back 21

run in the middle with the airway
pulmonary artery - is where gas exchange occurs - brings deoxygenated blood to the lung
bronchial artery - is systemic - brings nutrition to the lungs
*arteries run with airways*

Front 22

What maintains the pulmonary arterial pressure at relatively constant levels throughout the cardiac cycle?

Back 22

elastic walls in the pulmonary arteries

Front 23

Characteristics of the right lung?

Back 23

3 lobes - upper, middle, lower
relation of pulmonary artery to bronchus = RALS (right anterior, left superior)
*most common site for inhaled foreign body because the right main stem bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left

Front 24

If someone aspirates a peanut where is it likely to go if you are supine? if you are upright?

Back 24

supine: superior portion of right inferior lobe
upright: lower portion of right inferior lobe

Front 25

Characteristic of the left lung

Back 25

has 2 lobes and a lingula (in replacement of the middle lobe) - the middle lobe space is occupied by the heart
pulmonary artery relation to bronchus - RALS (left - superior)

Front 26

What are the fissures in the right and left lungs?

Back 26

right: horizontal - separates the sup. lobe from the middle lobe: oblique - separates the middle lobe from the inf. lobe
left: oblique fissure - separates the sup. lobe from the inf. lobe

Front 27

From the back side of someone what portions of the lung can you hear?

Back 27

right - sup. lobe and inf. lobe - oblique fissure goes around to the back
left - sup. lobe and inf. lobe - oblique fissure goes around to the back

Front 28

At what level is the horizonal fissure?

Back 28

4th rib

Front 29

At what level is the oblique fissures on the back side of someone?

Back 29

T2

Front 30

What are the structures that perforate the diaphragm? Where do they do it?

Back 30

I8 10 Eggs at 12

IVC - T8
Esophagus (and vagus 2 trunks)- T10
Aorta (red), thoracic duct (white), azygous vein (blue)

Front 31

What innervates the diaphragm?

Back 31

C3,C4,C5 keeps the diaphragm alive

from the phrenic nerve (pain from the diaphragm can be referred to the shoulder

Front 32

pain from the diaphragm can be referred where?

Back 32

to the shoulder!

Front 33

What muscles are required for expiration (during quiet breathing)?

Back 33

none - it is a passive process

Front 34

What muscles are required for inspiration (during quiet breathing)?

Back 34

diaphragm

Front 35

What muscles are required for inspiration during exercise?

Back 35

Scalene, sternomastoids, external intercostals

Front 36

What muscles are required for expiration during exercise?

Back 36

(5) rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transversus abdominus, internal intercostals