Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the suspensory ligament of the ovaries...
connects? contains? notable for? |
connects - ovaries to lateral pelvic walls
contains - ovarian vessels notable for - in ovariectomy, ureter is at risk during ligation of ovarian vessels |
|
|
the cardinal ligament...
connects? contains? notable for? |
connects - cervice to side of pelvis
contains - uterine vessels notable for - in hysterctomy, ureters at risk of injury during ligation of uterine vessels |
|
|
the round ligament of the uterus...
connects? contains? notable for? |
connects - uterine fundus to labia majora
contains - 0 (0 is round) notable for - travels through the ROUND inguinal canal; derivative of gubernaculum |
|
|
the broad ligament...
connects? contains? notable for? |
connects - uterus, fallopian tubes, & ovaries to pelvic side wall
contains - ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligaments of uterus notable for - mesosalpinx, mesometrium, & mesovarium are the components |
|
|
the ligament of the ovary...
connects? contains? notable for? |
connects - ovary to the lateral Uterus
contains - -- notable for - -- |
|
|
pathway of sperm during ejaculation?
|
SEVE(N) UP
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, penis |
|
|
autonomic innervation of...
erection? emission? ejaculation? |
erection - Para Symp; pelvic nerve
emission - Symp; hypogastric nerve ejaculation - visceral & somatic nerves (pudendal nerve) Point & Shoot NO --> cGMP relaxes smooth mm, vasodilates, is proerectile NE --> increased Ca --> vasoconstricts --> antierectile |
|
|
sildenafil and vardenafil?
|
inhibit cGMP breakdown
pro-erectile |
|
|
what inhibits FSH in males? made by?
|
inhibin
sertoli cells |
|
|
what do sertoli cells synthesize?
|
inhibin (inhibit FSH)
androgen binding protein (ABP) --> maintains level of testosterone high locally |
|
|
what forms the blood-testi barrier?
|
tight junctions between adjacent sertoli cells; they line the seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
what produces antimullerian hormone?
|
sertoli cells
|
|
|
in male gonad, what happens with increased temperature (varicocele, cryptorchidism)?
|
Sertoli cells...
decreased sperm production decreased inhibin Leydig cells... testosterone production unaffected |
|
|
what cell produces testosterone in the male? female?
|
Male - Leydig cell
-they are interstitial; outside the blood-testis-barrier Female - Theca cell |
|
|
how long does full development in spermatogenesis take?
|
2 months
|
|
|
what happens in spermatogenesis in meiosis I, meiosis II?
|
meiosis I - 46 sister chromatids --> 23 sister chromatids
meiosis II - 23 sister chromatids --> 23 single chromatids |
|
|
what is a genetic cause of impaired sperm tail motility?
|
Cilliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's syndrome)
-also see recurrent resp infections |
|
|
How is the HPaxis regulated for sex hormones in males at...
Hypothalamus? Anterior Pituitary? End organ? |
Hypothalamus -- releases GnRH; inhibited by Testosterone (NOT inhibin)
Anterior Pituitary - stimulated by GnRH; secretes FSH & LH; inhibited by Testosterone AND inhibin End organ: -Sertoli cells - stimulated by FSH; secrete ABP & inhibin; support spermatocytes -Leydig cells - secrete testosterone |
|
|
what is the relative potency of the various androgens?
|
DHT > testosterone > androstenedione
|
|
|
how is DHT formed? what inhibits this?
|
conversion of testosterone to DHT by 5-alpha-reductase
inhibited by finasteride |
|
|
what effects does testosterone provide in...
embryologic development? pubertal changes? adult life? |
embryologic development - development of internal male genitalia (except prostate)
pubertal changes - growth spurt, deepening voice, closure of epiphyseal plates (by conversion to estrogen) adult life - libido |
|
|
what effect does DHT have?
|
early - development of external male genetalia AND prostate
late - prostate growth, balding, sebacesou gland activity |
|
|
how is estrogen formed in males? where?
|
conversion of testosterone AND androstenedione to estrogen by enzyme AROMATASE
occurs in ADIPOSE tissue and SERTOLI cells |
|
|
what does exogenous testosterone do to males?
|
inhibit HPG axis, decrease intratesticular testosterone -->
decrease testicular size azoospermia |
|
|
what is androstenedione? where from?
|
low potency androgen
from adrenals (AnDrostenedion from ADrenals) |
|
|
relative potency of the various estrogens? what is the source of each?
|
estradiol > estrone > estriol
estradiol - ovary estone - aromatization estriol - placenta |
|
|
what is the effect of estrogen on...
development? female reproductive organs? other hormones? proteins? |
development - genitalia, breast, female fat distribution
reproductive organs - growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, myometrial excitability hormones - upregulate receptors for estrogen, LH, progesterone; inhibit FSH & LH, then LH surge; stimulate prolactin, but BLOCK action at the breast proteins - incraase transport proteins, SHBG; increase HDL, decrease LDL |
|
|
what is estrogen's effect on prolactin?
|
stimulates prolactin secretion but blocks its effect at the breast
|
|
|
how is estrogen produced by the ovary?
|
GnRH stimulates both LH & FSH secretion;
LH stimulates theca cells to convert cholesterol to androstenedione (via desmolase) FSH stimulates Granulosa cells to convert androstenedion to estrogen (estradiol) via aromatase |
|
|
what is the effect of progesterone on...
endometrium? pregnancy? myometrium? cervix? body temperature? other hormones? |
endometrium - stimulates glandular secretions & spiral artery development
pregnancy - maintains pregnancy; prevents contractions via promoting uterine smooth mm contraciton myometrium - decreased excitability cervix - production of thick mucus, inhibit sperm entry body temperature - increase other hormones - decrease estrogen receptor expressivity; inhibit LH & FSH |
|
|
what are the two phases of the menstrual cycle? what do they correspond to histologically? blood hormones?
|
Follicular phase (proliferative)
-maturing graafian follicle -endometrium is growing -basal levels of LH/FSH -estrogen slowly rising -surge at the end OVULATION SEPARATES THE TWO Luteal phase (secretory) -endometrium is thickened -corpus luteum effects -if no implantation endometrium begins to shed -Progesterone rises (corpus luteum); estrogen to a lesser degree -FSH & LH low |
|
|
what tissue produces progesterone?
|
corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex, testes
|
|
|
which menstrual phase varies in length? which is consistent?
|
follicular phase varies
luteal phase is constant 14 days (ovulation + 14 days = menstruation) Oligomenorrhea/Polymenorrhea = 28 days +/- 7 (21/35) |
|
|
when does menstruation occur?
|
at the end of the luteal phase (ovulation + 14 days)
this marks the transition to the follicular phase |
|
|
hormonal mileu leading to ovulation?
|
increased estrogen increases GnRH receptors on anterior pituitary
estrogen surge stimulates LH release, causing ovulation (rupture of follicle) temperature increases because of progesterone |
|
|
meiosis I and meiosis II in oogenesis?
|
Meiosis I (23 sister chromatids) is arrested in PROPHASE for years, until ovlulation
Meiosis II (23 single chromatids) is arrested in metaphase until fertilization (until the egg MET a sperm) |
|
|
where and when does fertilization occur?
|
in the upper end of fallopian tube (ampulla)
within 1 day after ovulation |
|
|
when does implantation occur? how and when can this be detected?
|
implantation usually occurs 6 days after fertilization
hCG is detectable -blood 1 week after conception -urine 2 weeks after conception |
|
|
hormonal mileu of lactation?
|
decrease in progesterone after labor induces lactation
suckling is required for maintenance, stimulates nerves to release oxytocin & prolactin prolactin induces & maintains lactation; decreases reproductive function oxytocin helps with milk letdown, may be involved with uterine contractions |
|
|
source of progesterone during pregnancy?
|
1st trimester - corpus luteum
2nd & 3rd trimesters - placenta syntehsizes its own estriol & progesterone; corpus luteum degenerats |
|
|
what maintains the corpus luteum for the first trimester? what produces it?
|
hCG; produced by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
|
|
|
average age of menopause? best test to confirm?
|
51 years; preceded by 4-5 years abnormal cycles
very increased FSH best to confirm menopause |
|
|
hormonal changes w/menopause?
|
decreased estrogen
very increased FSH increased LH increased GnRH |
|
|
what causes menopause?
|
decreased estrogen production due to age-linked decline in NUMBER OF OVARIAN follicles
|
