Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Actinic (solar keratosis)
|
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
(TX = 5-FU) |
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
|
Cushing's ulcer (incr ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
|
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
|
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
|
|
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
|
Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
|
|
Aneurysm, dissecting
|
Hypertension
|
|
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
|
Marfan's syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration), 3⁰ syphilis
|
|
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
|
Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
|
|
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
|
Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
Nb. susceptible to encapsulated bugs |
|
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
|
H. pylori
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
|
Group B streptococcus, E. coli, Listeria (newborns); S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
|
|
Benign melanocytic nevus
|
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
|
|
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
|
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
|
|
Brain tumor (adults)
|
Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
Nb. "MGM Studios" - mnemonic |
|
Brain tumor (kids)
|
Infratentorial: Astrocytoma, medulloblastoma (cerebellum), ependymoma, or
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum) |
|
Breast cancer
|
Infiltrating (invasive) ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
|
|
Breast mass
|
1. Fibrocystic change
2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women) |
|
Breast tumor (benign)
|
Fibroadenoma
|
|
Cardiac 1⁰ tumor (kids)
|
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
|
|
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
|
|
Cardiac tumor (adults)
|
1. Metastasis
2. 1⁰ myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve") |
|
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
|
Arnold-Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomelia)
Nb. Type 1 is mostly asymptomatic; Type 2 has these Sx. |
|
Chronic arrhythmia
|
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
|
|
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
|
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
|
|
Bacteremia/pneumonia in IV drug user
|
S. aureus
|
|
Microbe in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patients
|
Klebsiella
|
|
Cardiomyopathy
|
Dilated cardiomyopathy (40% are familial)
|
|
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
|
DES exposure in utero
|
|
Compression fracture
|
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
|
|
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
|
21-hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
Congenital cardiac anomaly
|
VSD
|
|
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
|
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
|
|
Constrictive pericarditis
|
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
|
|
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
|
LAD > RCA > LCA
|
|
Cretinism
|
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
|
|
Cushing's syndrome
|
1. Corticosteroid therapy
2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary (aka "Cushing's disease") 3. Small cell lung carcinoma |
|
Cyanosis (early; less common)
|
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
Nb. these all start with "T" |
|
Cyanosis (late; more common)
|
VSD, ASD, PDA
Nb. these will cause Eisenmeiger's syndrome |
|
Death in CML
|
Blast crisis
|
|
Death in SLE
|
Lupus nephropathy
Nb. has anti-dsDNA Ab |
|
Dementia
|
1. Alzheimer's disease
2. Multiple infarcts |
|
Demyelinating disease in young women
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
|
DIC
|
gram-negative Sepsis, Trauma, Obstetric complications, Pancreatitis, Malignancy (cancer), Nephrotic syndrome, Transfusions
Nb. "STOP Making New Thrombi" = mnemonic |
|
Dietary deficit
|
Iron
|
|
Diverticulum in pharynx
|
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
|
|
Ejection click
|
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
|
|
Esophageal cancer
|
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
|
|
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
|
S. aureus, B. cereus
|
|
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
|
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
|
|
Gynecologic malignancy
|
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
|
|
Heart murmur, congenital
|
MItral valve prolapse
|
|
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
|
MItral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
|
|
Helminth infection (U.S.)
|
1. Enterobius vermicularis
2. Ascaris lumbricoides |
|
Hematoma - epidural
|
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
|
|
Hematoma - subdural
|
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
|
|
Most common gene involved in cancer
|
P53 (tumor suppressor)
|
|
Hemochromatosis
|
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and incr risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
|
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C)
|
|
Hereditary bleeding disorder
|
von Willebrand's disease
|
|
Hereditary harmless jaundice
|
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
|
|
HLA-B27
|
Psoriatic arthritis (psoriasis), Ankylosing spondylitis, IBD (ulcerative colitis), Reiter's syndrome
Nb. "PAIR" - mnemonic |
|
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
|
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
|
|
Holosystolic murmur
|
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
|
|
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
|
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
|
|
Hypertension, 2⁰
|
Renal disease
|
|
Hypoparathyroidism
|
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
|
|
Hypopituitarism
|
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
|
|
Infection 2⁰ to blood transfusion
|
Hepatitis C
|
|
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
|
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
|
|
Kidney stones
|
1. Calcium = radiopaque
2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid = radiolucent |
|
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L --> R becomes R --> L)
|
Eisenmeiger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
|
|
Liver disease
|
Alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
Lysosomal storage disease
|
Gaucher's disease
|
|
Male cancer
|
Prostatic carcinoma
TX = Flutamide (AR-antag.) |
|
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
|
Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
|
Malignant skin tumor
|
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
|
|
Mental retardation
|
1. Fetal alcohol syndrome
2. Down syndrome 3. Fragile X syndrome Nb. this is all-cause prevalence; 2 and 3 are top genetic causes. |
|
Metastases to bone
|
Prostate, Thyroid, Testes, Breast, Lung, Kidney
"PTT Barnum Loves Kides" = mnemonic |
|
Metastases to brain
|
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
|
|
Metastases to liver
|
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
|
|
Mitochondrial inheritance
|
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
|
|
Mitral valve stenosis
|
Rheumatic heart disease
|
|
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
|
ALS
|
|
Myocarditis
|
Coxsackie B, Echovirus
|
|
Neoplasm (kids)
|
1. ALL
2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma |
|
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
|
Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
|
|
Neuron migration failure
|
Kallmann syndrome
|
|
Nosocomial pneumonia
|
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
Obstruction of male urinary tract
|
BPH
|
|
Opening snap
|
Mitral stenosis
|
|
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
|
|
Osteomyelitis
|
S. aureus
|
|
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
|
Salmonella
|
|
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
|
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
|
|
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
|
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
|
|
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
|
Serous cystadenoma
|
|
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
|
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
Pancreatitis (acute)
|
Gallstones, alcohol
|
|
Pancreatitis (chronic)
|
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
|
|
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
|
ALL: child, CLL: adult >60, AML: adult ~60, CML: adult 30-60
|
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
|
|
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22)(bcr-abl)
|
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
|
|
Pituitary tumor
|
1. Prolactinoma
2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma |
|
Primary amenorrhea
|
Turner syndrome (45XO)
|
|
Primary bone tumor (adults)
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
Primary hyperaldosteronism
|
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
|
|
Primary hyperparathyroidism
|
1. Adenomas
2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma |
|
Primary liver cancer
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α-1 antitrypsin)
|
|
Pulmonary hypertension
|
COPD
|
|
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
|
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
|
|
Renal tumor
|
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
|
|
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
|
Cor pulmonale
|
|
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
|
incr ventricular filling (L --> R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
|
|
S4 (presystolic gallop)
|
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
|
|
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
|
|
Sexually transmitted disease
|
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
|
|
SIADH
|
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
|
|
Site of diverticula
|
Sigmoid colon
|
|
Sites of atherosclerosis
|
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal >carotid
|
|
Stomach cancer
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
|
|
t(14;18)
|
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
|
|
t(8;14)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
|
|
t(9;22)
|
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
|
|
Temporal arteritis
|
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
|
|
Testicular tumor
|
Seminoma
|
|
Thyroid cancer
|
Papillary carcinoma
|
|
Tumor in women
|
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
|
|
Tumor of infancy
|
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
|
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
|
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
|
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
|
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
|
|
Type of Hodgkin's
|
Diffuse large cell
|
|
UTI
|
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
|
|
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
|
HSV-1
|
|
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
|
Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
|
|
t(11;22)
|
Ewing's sarcoma
|
|
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
|
Orphan Annie nuclei, psammoma bodies, nuclear grooves
|