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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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31. Paranoid type of schizophrenia?
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a. Often higher functioning, older age of onset.
b. Must be the following criteria: 1. Preoccupation w/1 or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations. 2. No predominance of disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaviour, or inappropriate affect. |
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32. Disorganized type of schizophrenia?
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a. Poor functioning type, early onset.
b. Must meet following criteria: 1. Disorganized speech 2. Disorganized behaviour 3. Flat or inappropriate affect. |
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33. Catatonic type?
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a. Rare. Must meet at least 2 of the following criteria:
1. Motor immobility 2. Excessive purposeless motor activity 3. Extreme negativism or mutism 4. Peculiar voluntary movements or posturing 5. Echolalia or echopraxia. |
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34. Undifferentiated type?
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a. Characteristic of more than one subtype or none of the subtypes.
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35. Residual type?
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a. Prominent negative sx (such as flattened affect or social withdrawal) with only minimal evidence of positive sx (such as hallucinations or delusions).
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36. Echolalia?
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a. Repeats words or phrases.
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37. Echopraxia?
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a. Mimics behaviour.
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38. The 5 A’s of schizophrenia (negative sx)?
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1. Anhedonia
2. Affect (flat) 3. Alogia (poverty of speech) 4. Avolition (apathy) 5. Attention (poor). |
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39. Brief psychotic disorder duration?
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a. < 1 month.
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40. Schizophreniform disorder?
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a. 1-6 months.
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41. Prevalence of schizophrenia?
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a. 1%.
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42. Schizo in men vs. women?
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a. Men tend to present around 20 yrs of age vs. around 30 in women.
b. Men tend to have more negative symptoms and more impaired social functioning. c. Schizophrenia rarely presents before age 15 or after 55. |
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43. Substance abuse w/schizophrenia?
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a. Substance abuse is comorbid w/schizophrenia in many pts.
b. The most commonly abused substance is alcohol, followed by cannabis and cocaine. |
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44. Socioeconomic status associated w/schizophrenia?
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a. Schizophrenia is found in lower socioeconomic groups due to a “downward drift. i.e they have difficulty holding good jobs, so they
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45. Akathisia?
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a. An unpleasant, subjective sense of restlessness often manifested by the inability to sit still
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46. Pathophys of schizophrenia?
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a. Not fully known but appears to be partly related to ↑ dopamine activity in certain neuronal tracts.
b. Evidence to support this hypothesis is that most antipsychotics are dopamine receptors antagonists. c. In addition, cocaine and amphetamines ↑ dopamine activity and can lead to schizophrenic-like symptoms. |
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47. 2 Theorized dopamine pathways affected in schizophrenia?
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1. Prefrontal cortical
2. Mesolimbic. |
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48. Effect of inadequate dopaminergic activity in the Prefrontal Cortical pathway?
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a. Responsible for negative symptoms.
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49. Effect of EXCESSIVE dopaminergic activity in the Mesolimbic pathway?
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a. Responsible for positive symptoms.
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50. 2 other important dopamine pathways affected by neuroleptics?
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1. Tuberoinfundibular
2. Nigrostriatal |
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51. Effect of neuroleptics blocking the Tuberoinfundibular pathway?
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a. Causes hyperprolactinemia, which may -> gynecomastia, galactorrhea, and menstrual irregularities.
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51. Effect of neuroleptics blocking the Tuberoinfundibular pathway?
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a. Causes hyperprolactinemia, which may -> gynecomastia, galactorrhea, and menstrual irregularities.
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52. Effect of neuroleptics blocking the Nigrostriatal pathway?
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a. Causes extrapyramidal side effects such as tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, dystonia, and other abnormal movements.
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52. Effect of neuroleptics blocking the Nigrostriatal pathway?
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a. Causes extrapyramidal side effects such as tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, dystonia, and other abnormal movements.
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53. How are serotonin levels affected by atypical antipsychotics?
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a. Some of the atypicals such as risperidone and clozapine antagonize serotonin and weakly antagonize dopamine.
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53. How are serotonin levels affected by atypical antipsychotics?
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a. Some of the atypicals such as risperidone and clozapine antagonize serotonin and weakly antagonize dopamine.
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54. Effect of long-term use of antipsychotics on NE?
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a. Long term use has been shown to ↓ noradrenergic neurons.
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54. Effect of long-term use of antipsychotics on NE?
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a. Long term use has been shown to ↓ noradrenergic neurons.
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55. How to schizophrenia affect GABA?
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a. ↓ GABA
b. There is ↓ expression of the enzyme necessary to create GABA in the hippocampus of schizophrenic pts. |
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55. How to schizophrenia affect GABA?
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a. ↓ GABA
b. There is ↓ expression of the enzyme necessary to create GABA in the hippocampus of schizophrenic pts. |
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56. Glutamate receptors in pts w/ schizophrenia?
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a. ↓ levels of glutamate receptors.
b. Schizophrenic pts have fewer NMDA receptors. c. This correlates w/the psychotic symptoms observed w/NMDA antagonists like ketamine. |
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56. Glutamate receptors in pts w/ schizophrenia?
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a. ↓ levels of glutamate receptors.
b. Schizophrenic pts have fewer NMDA receptors. c. This correlates w/the psychotic symptoms observed w/NMDA antagonists like ketamine. |
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57. CT scan of pts w/schizophrenia may show?
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a. Enlargement of ventricles and diffuse cortical atrophy.
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57. CT scan of pts w/schizophrenia may show?
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a. Enlargement of ventricles and diffuse cortical atrophy.
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58. What is a predisposing factor to paranoid psychosis?
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a. Deafness.
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58. What is a predisposing factor to paranoid psychosis?
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a. Deafness.
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59. Neologisms?
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a. Schizophrenia often involves the use of neologisms, which are words that have meaning only to the person who uses them and is different than the orthodox meaning of the word.
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59. Neologisms?
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a. Schizophrenia often involves the use of neologisms, which are words that have meaning only to the person who uses them and is different than the orthodox meaning of the word.
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60. What % of pts w/ schizophrenia attempt suicide?
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60. What % of pts w/ schizophrenia attempt suicide?
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60. What % of pts w/ schizophrenia attempt suicide?
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60. What % of pts w/ schizophrenia attempt suicide?
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