Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the risk factors for HTN?
|
increased age
obesity diabetes smoking genetics blacks > whites > Asians |
|
|
What does HTN predispose?
|
atherosclerosis
stroke CHF renal failure retinopathy aortic dissection |
|
|
Monckeberg atherosclerosis
|
calcification of the arteries, esp. radial or ulnar
usually benign |
|
|
atreriolosclerosis
|
hyaline thickening of small arteries in essential HTN
hyperplastic "onion-skinning" in malignant HTN |
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
disease of elastic arteries and large and medium-sized muscular arteries
|
|
|
What are the risk factors in developing atherosclerosis?
|
smoking
HTN diabetes mellitus hyperlipidemia family history |
|
|
What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
|
aneurysms
ischemia infarcts peripheral vascular disease thrombus emboli |
|
|
Where do atherosclerotic plaques tend to form?
|
abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
|
|
|
What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
|
fatty streaks -> proliferative plaque -> complex atheromas
|
|
|
stable angina
|
most common form of angina
pain precipitated by exertion and is relieved by rest or vasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerine) |
|
|
Prinzmetal's angina
|
intermittent chest pain at rest
caused by vasospasm |
|
|
unstable/cresendo angina
|
prolonged or recurrent pain at rest
often indicative of imminent MI |
|
|
Which type of angina has pain that is relieved by rest?
|
stable angina
|
|
|
Which type of angina has pain that gets worse during rest
|
Prinzmetal's angina
unstable/cresendo angina |
|
|
Which type of angina has intermittent chest pain at rest?
|
Prinzmetal's angina
|
|
|
Which type of angina is caused by vasospasms?
|
Prinzmetal's angina
|
|
|
Which type of angina is relieved by vasodilators?
|
stable angina
|
|
|
Which type of angina is indicative of imminent MI?
|
unstable/cresendo angina
|
|
|
Which type of angina is a result of severe narrowing of atheroscclerotic coronary vessels?
|
stable angina
|
|
|
What is the most common form of angina?
|
stable angina
|
|
|
Where do red (hemorrhagic) infarcts occur?
|
loose tissue w/ collaterals (e.g., lungs, intestine) or following reperfusion
|
|
|
Where do pale infarcts occur?
|
in solid tissues w/ single blood supply (e.g., brain, heart, kidney, spleen)
|
|
|
Which coronary arteries are occluded the most? the least?
|
LAD > RCA > circumflex
|
|
|
When is an MI maximally yellow and soft?
|
10 days post-MI
|
|
|
When are contraction bands visible on an MI?
|
4 hours post-MI
|
|
|
When is ECG the best method of diagnosis of an MI?
|
w/in the first 6 hours post-MI
|
|
|
When does cardiac troponin I begin to rise? How long does it stay elevated?
|
rises after 4 hours
elevated for 7-10 days |
|
|
What is the test of choice for MI in the first 24 hours post-MI?
|
CK-MB
|
|
|
How long does LDH stay elevated post-MI?
|
2-7 days
|
|
|
Is AST specific for liver?
|
no
can also be found in cardiac, liver and skeletal muscle cells |
|
|
ST elevation
|
transmural infarct
|
|
|
ST depression
|
subendocardial infarct
|
|
|
Q waves
|
transmural infarct
|
|
|
What are the complications of an MI?
|
cardiac arrhythmia
LV failure and pulmonary edema cardiogenic shock rupture of ventricular free wall, interventricular septum, papillary muscle, cardiac tamponade thromboembolism - mural thrombus fibrinous pericarditis (friction fub) Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune pheenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericarditis) |
|
|
What is the most common cardiomyopathy?
|
dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy - 90%
|
|
|
What type of cardiomyopathy causes systolic dysfunction?
|
dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
What type of cardiomyopathy causes diastolic dysfunction?
|
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
walls of LV are thickened (esp. the ventricular septum) and chamber becomes banana shaped
cause of sudden death in young athletes 50% inheriited as autosomal dominant trait characterized microscopically by disoriented and tangled myocardial fibers |
|
|
dilated cardiomyopathy
|
most comon form of cardiomyopathy
characterized by dilation of both ventricles and by both right- and left-sided heart failure |
|
|
restrictive cardiomyopathy
|
caused by infiltrative processes w/in myocardium that results in stiffening of the heart muscle -> interferes w/ pumping action
exemplified by cardiac amloidosis -> right- and left-sided heart failure |
|
|
mitral regurgitation
|
holosystolic high-pitched "blowing murmur"
loudest at apex |
|
|
aortic stenosis
|
crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
LV >> aortic pressure during systole radiates to carotids/apex |
|
|
VSD
|
holosystolic murmur
|
|
|
mitral prolapse
|
late systolic murmuc w/ midsystolic click
most frequent valvular lesion |
|
|
aortic regurgitation
|
immediate high-pitched "blowing" diastolic murmur
wide pulse pressure |
|
|
mitral stenosis
|
follows opening snap
delayed rumbling late diastolic murmur LA >> LV pressure during diastole |
|
|
patent ductus arteriosus
|
continusos machine-like murmur
loudest at time of S2 |
|
|
What are the causes of serous pericarditis?
|
SLE
rheumatoid arthritis infection uremia |
|
|
What are the causes of fibrinous pericarditis?
|
uremia
MI rheumatic fever |
|
|
What are the causes of hemorrhagic pericarditis?
|
TB
malignancy |
|
|
What are the findings in hemorrhagic pericarditis?
|
pericardial pain
friction rub ECG chances (diffuse ST elevations in all leads) pulsus paradoxus distant heart sounds |
|
|
syphilitic heart disease
|
tertiary syphilis disrupts the vasa vasorum of the aorta -> dilation of the aorta and valve ring
"tree bark" appearance of the aorta |
|
|
Buerger's disease
(aka thromboangiitis obliterans) |
acute inflammation involving small to medium size arteries of the extremities, extending to adjacent veins and nerves
clearly assoc. w/ smoking |
|
|
What is the treatment for Buerger's disease?
|
quit smoking
|
|
|
Takayasu's arteritis
|
inflammation and stenosis of medium and large sized arteries w/ freq. involvement of the aortic arch and its branches -> arotic arch syndrome
assoc. w/ elevated ESR primarily affects young Asian females |
|
|
What are the clinical symptoms of Tayakasu's arteritis?
|
(FAN ON MY SKIN On Wednesday)
Fever Arthritis Night sweats MYalgia SKIN nodules Ocular disturbances Weak pulses in upper extremities |
|
|
Takayasu's arteritis primarily affects what population?
|
young Asian females
|
|
|
Buerger's diease affects what vessels?
|
small and intermediate vessels of the extremities
|
|
|
Takayasu's arteritis involves what vessels?
|
medium and large arteries w/ frequent involvement of the aortic arch and its branches
|
|
|
temporal arteritis
(giant cell arteritis) |
most common vasculitis that affects medium and small arteries, usually branches of carotid artery
|
|
|
What are the clinical symptoms of temporal arteritis?
|
unilateral headache
jaw claudication imparied vision (occlusion of opthalmic artery -> blindness) |
|
|
What population does temporal arteritis affect most?
|
elderly females
|
|
|
Temporal arteritis is associated w/ what lab finding?
|
elevated ESR
|
|
|
polyarteritis nodosa
|
necrotizing immue complex inflammation of medium-sized muscular arteries, typically involving renal and visceral vessels
|
|
|
What is the treatment for polyarteritis nodosa?
|
corticosteroids
cyclophosphamide |
|
|
Wegner's granulomatosis
|
characterized by focal necrotizing vasculitis and necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway and by necrotizing glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
What is a strong marker for Wegner's granulomatosis?
|
C-ANCA
|
|
|
What is the treatment for Wegner's granulomatosis?
|
cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
|
|
|
microscopic polyangiitis
|
similar to Wegner's granulomatosis but lacks granulomas
P- or C-ANCA |
|
|
Churg-Strauss syndrome
|
granulomatous vasculitis w/ eosinophilia
|
|
|
What organs are involved in Churg-Strauss syndrome?
|
lung, heart, skin, kidneys, nerves
|
|
|
Kawasaki's disease
|
acute, self-limiting disease of infants/kids
acute necrotizing vasculitis of small/medium-sized vessels |
|
|
People w/ Kawasaki's disease may develop what?
|
coronary aneurysms
|
