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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
normal flora- skin
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staph epidermis
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normal flora- nose
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staph epidermis, colonized by staph aureus
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normal flora- oropharynx
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viridans group strep
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normal flora- dental plaque
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strep mutans
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normal flora- colon
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bacteroides fragilis > e. coli
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normal flora- vagina
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lactobacillus, colonized by e. coli and group B strep
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do neonates deliverd by c-section have flora?
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not at birth, but colonized rapidly after birth
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bugs causing food poisoning in seafood
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vibrio parahaemolyticus and v vulnificus
v. vulnificus can also cause wound infections from contact with contaminated water or shellfish |
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bug causing food poisoning in reheated rice
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b. cereus...starts and ends quickly!
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bug causing food poisoning in meats/mayonnaise/custard
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staph aureus
preformed toxin, food poisining starts and ends quickly |
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bug that causes food poisoning from reheated meat dishes
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clostridium perfringens
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bug causing food poisoning from improperly canned foods
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c. botulinum
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bug causing food poisoning from undercooked meat
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e. coli O157:H7
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bug causing food poisoning from poultry/meats/eggs
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salmonella
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bloody diarrhea, comma or s-shaped, grows at 42 degrees
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campylobacter
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bloody diarrhea, lactos negative, flagellar motility
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salmonella
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bloody diarrhea, lactose negative, very low ID50
Toxin? |
shigella, shiga toxin
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bloody diarrhea, can cause HUS, makes shiga-like toxin
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enterohemorrhagic e. coli
O157:H7 |
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bloody diarrhea, invades colonic mucosa
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enteroinvasive e. coli
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bloody or watery diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis
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c. diff
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protozoan that can cause bloody diarrhea
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entamoeba histolytica
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watery diarrhea, traveler's, ST and LT toxins
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enterotoxigenic e. coli
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watery diarrhea, comma shape, rice water stools
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vibrio cholerae
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watery diarrhea, gas gangrene
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c. perfringens
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protozoa causing watery diarrhea
1. ____ 2. ____ (in immunocompromised) |
1. giardia
2. cryptosporidium |
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3 viruses that can cause watery diarrhea
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rota, adeno, norwalk (norovirus)
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causes of pneumonia in neonates (<4 wks)
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group B strep
e. coli |
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causes of pneumonia in children (4 wks - 18 yrs)
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Runts May Cough Sputum
RSV/viruses Mycoplasma Chlamydia pneumoniae Strep pneumoniae |
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causes of pneumonia in adults (18-40 yrs)
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myocplasma
c. pneumoniae s. pneumoniae |
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causes of pneumonia in adults (40-65 yrs)
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mycoplasma
c. pneumoniae s. pneumoniae h. influenzae anaerobes viruses |
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causes of pneumonia in the elderly
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s. pneumoniae
h. influenza anaerobes influenza virus gram neg rods |
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causes of nosocomial pneumonia
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staphylococcus
enteric gram neg rods |
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causes of pneumonia in the immunocompromised
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staphylococcus
enteric gram neg rods fungi viruses pneumocystis jiroveci (with HIV) |
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causes of aspiration pneumonia
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anaerobes
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causes of pneumonia in alcoholics/IV drug users
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s. pneumoniae
klebsiella staphylococcus |
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cause of pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis
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pseudomonas
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causes of postviral pneumonia
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staphylococcus, h. influenzae
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causes of atypical pneumonia
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mycoplasma
legionella chlamydia |
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causes of meningitis in newborns (0-6 months)
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group B strep
e. coli listeria |
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causes of meningitis in children (6 mos - 6 yrs)
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strep pneumoniae
neisseria meningitidis h. influenza type B enteroviruses |
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causes of meningitis (6-60 yrs)
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n. meningitidis
s. pneumoniae enteroviruses HSV |
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causes of meningitis in pts 60+ yrs
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s. pneumoniae
gram neg rods listeria |
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viral causes of meningitis
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enteroviruses (esp. coxsackievirus)
HSV HIV west nile VZV |
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causes of meningitis in HIV pts
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cryptococcus
CMV Toxoplasmosis (brain abcess) JC virus (PML) |
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signs of meningitis
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kernigs and/or brudzinski's
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csf findings in bacterial meningitis
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increased pressure, PMNs, increased protein, decreased sugar
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csf findings in fungal/TB meningitis
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increased pressure, lymphocytes, Incereased protein, decreased sugar
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csf findings in viral meningitis
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normal or increased pressure, lymphocytes, normal or increased protein, normal sugar
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most common cause of osteomyelitis in most people
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staph aureus
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osteomyelitis in seually active people
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neisseria gonorrhea (rare), septic arthritis
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signs of osteomyelitis
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elevated CRP and ESR (classic but not specific)
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causes of osteomyelitis in diabetics and drug addicts
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pseudomonas aeroguinosa
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cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell pts
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salmonella
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causes of osteomyelitis in pts. with prosthetic replacements
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staph aureus and staph epidermis
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cause of vertebral osteomyelitis
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mycobacterium tuberculosis (pott's disease)
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cause of osteomyelitis after a cat or dog bite/scratch
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pasteurella multocida
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does most osteomyelitis occur in kids or adults?
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kids
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do you see WBC casts in UTIs?
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no, only with pyelonephritis
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predisposing factors to UTIs
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1. female- short urethras
2. obstruction 3. kidney surgery 4. catherization 5. GU malformation 6. diabetes 7. pregnancy 8. males- infants with congenital defect, vesicoureteral reflux, enlarged prostate (elderly) |
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positive leukocyte esterase test =
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bacterial UTI
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positive nitrite test =
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gram-neg bacterial UTI (except s saprophyticus)
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leading cause of UTIs, metallic sheen on EMB agar
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e. coli
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2nd leading cause of communigy acquired UTIs in seually active women
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staph saprophyticus
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4rd leading cause of UTIs, large mucoid capsule and viscous colonies
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klebsiella pneumoniae
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causes UTIs, some strains produce a red pigment, often nosocomial and drug resistant
+ another one that is also often nosocomial and drug resistant? |
serratia marcescens
enterobacter cloacae |
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causes UTIs, motility causes "swarming" on agar, produces urease, associated with struvite stones
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proteus mirabilis
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causes UTIs, blue-green pigment and fruity odor, usually nosocomial and drug resistant
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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non specific signs of ToRCHeS infections
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hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation
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T of torches
mode of transmissin? maternal manifestations? neonatal manifestations? |
-toxoplasma gondii
-aerolized cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat -mothers usually asymptomatic, sometimes lymphadenopathy -neonatal triad- chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications |
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R of torches
mode of transmission? maternal manifestations? neonatal manifestatiosn? |
- rubella
- respiratory droplets - mother- rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis - neonateal triad- PDA or pulm artery hypoplasia, cataracts, deafness +/- "blueberry muffin" rash |
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C of torches
mode of transmission? maternal manifestations? neonatal manifestatiosn? |
- CMV
- sex, transplants - mother- usually asymptomatic, sometimes mono-like - neonate- hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash |
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H1 of torches
mode of transmission? maternal manifestations? neonatal manifestatiosn? |
- HIV
- sex - mother- depends on CD4+ count - neonate- recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea |
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H2 of torches
mode of transmission? maternal manifestations? neonatal manifestatiosn? |
- HSV
- skin or mucous membrane contact - mother- usually asymptomatic, herpetic (vesicular) lesions - neonate- temporal encephalitis, herpetic vesicular lesions |
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S of torches
mode of transmission? maternal manifestations? neonatal manifestatiosn? |
- syphilis
- sex - mother- chancre (primary), disseminated rash (secondary), cardac/neuro disease (tertiary) - neonate - often stillbirth, hydrops fetalis - facial abnormalities (notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla), saber shins |
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rash begins at head amd moves down, postauricular lymphadenopathy
agent? disease? |
rubella
german measles |
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a paramyxovirus, rash begins at head and moves down, rash preceded by a cough/coryza/conjunctivitis/and koplik spots on buccal mucosa
agent? disease? |
measles virus
rubeola, measles |
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a paramyxovirus, no rash but can present with parotitis/ meningitis (orchits or oophoritis in young adults)
agent? disease? |
mumps virus
mumps |
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rash begins on trunk, spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different age
agent? disease? |
VZV
chicken pox |
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macular rash over body appears several days of high fever, usually affects infants
agent? disease? |
HHV-6
roseola |
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slapped cheek rash, later rash appears over body in reticular/"lace-like" pattern, can cause hydrops fetalis in pregnant women
agent? disease? |
parvovirus B19
erythema infectiosum |
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erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat
agent? disease? |
strep pyogenes
scarlet fever |
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vesicular rash on palms and soles, ulcers in oral mucosa
agent? disease? |
coxsackieviruse type A
hand-foot-mouth disease |
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STD
urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epididymitis, arthritis, creamy purulent discharge |
niesseria gonorrhoae
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STD
painless chancre |
treponema pallidum => primary syphilis
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STD
fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rashes, condylomata lata |
treponema pallidum => secondary syphilis
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STD
gummas, tabes dorsalis, general paresis, aortitis, argyll robertson pupil |
treponema pallidum => tertiary syphilis
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STD
painful genital ulcer, inguinal adenopathy |
haemophilus ducreyi => chancroid
"its so painful you do cry" |
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STD
painful penile/vulvar/cervical vesicles and ulcers, can cause systemic symptoms such as fever, headach, myalgia |
HSV-2 => genital herpes
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STD
urethritis, cervicits, conjunctivitis, reiter's syndrome, PID |
chlamydia trachomatis (D-K)
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STD
opportunistic infections, kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma |
HIV/AIDs
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STD
genital warts, koilocytes |
HPV 6, 11 => condylomata acuminata
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STD
vaginitis, strawberry colored mucosa, corkscrew motility on wet prep |
trichomonas vaginalis
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STD
jaundice |
HBV
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STD
noninflammatory, malodorous discharge (fishy smell), positive whiff test, clue cells |
gardenella vaginalis => bacterial vaginosis
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cause of subacute PID
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chlamydia trachomatis
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cause of acute PID with high fever
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neisseria gonorrheae
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most common STD in the US
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c. trachomatis
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signs of PID
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chandelier sign, purulent cervical discharge, salpingitis, endometritis, hydrosalpinx, tubo-ovarian abscess
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salpingitis is a risk factor for:
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ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, adhesions
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complication of PID
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fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome- infection of liver capsule and "violin string" adhesions of parietal peritoneum to liver
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2 most common causes of nosocomial infections
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e. coli => UTI
s. aureus => wound infections |
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nosocomial infections in newborn nursery
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CMV, RSV
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nosocomial infections with urinary catherization
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e. coli, proteus mirabilis
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nosocomial infections from resp therapy equipment
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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nosocomial infections from work in renal dialysis unit
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HBV
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nosocomial infections from hyperalimentation
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candida albicans
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nosocomial infections from water aerosols
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legionella
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pus, empyema, abscess
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s. aureus
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pediatric infection
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h. influenzae (incl. epiglottitis)
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pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, burn infection
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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branching rods in oral infection, sulfur granules
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actinomyces israelii
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traumatic open wound
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clostridium perfringens
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surgical wound
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s. aureus
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dog or cat bite
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pasteurella multocida
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currant jelly sputum
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klebsiella
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positive PAS stain
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tropheryma whippelii (whipple's disease)
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sepsis/meningitis in newborn
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group b strep
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health care provider
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HBV- from needle stick
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fungal infection in diabetic
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mucor or rhiopus spp.
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asplenic patient
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encapsulated microbes, esp. SHiN (s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae type b, n. meningitidis)
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chronic granulomatous disease
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catalase-positive microbes (s. aureus, nocardia spp., aspergillus spp.)
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neutropenic pts.
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candida albicans (systemic), aspergillus
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bilateral bell's palsy
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borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
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HIV
low grade fevers/cough/hepadosplenomegaly oval yeast cells within macrophages |
histoplasma capsulatum (causes only pulmonary symptoms in an immunocompetent host)
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HIV
fluffy white cottage-cheese lesions, often in mouth pseudohyphae |
c. albicans (causes thrush)
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HIv
superficial vascular proliferation biopsy- neutrophilic inflammation |
bartonella henselae (bacillary angiomatosis)
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HIV
superficial neoplastic proliferation of vasculature biopsy- lymphocytic inflammation |
HHV-8 (causes kaposi's sarcoma)
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HIV
chronic, water diarrhea acid-fast cysts in stool |
cryptosporidium
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HIV
meningitis india ink stain reveals yeast with narrow-based budding and large capsule |
cryptoccocus neoformans (can also cause encephalitis)
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HIV
encephalopathy due to reactivation of a latent viruse, results in demyelination |
JC virus (cause of PML)
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HIV
abscesses in brain many ring enhancing lesions on imaging |
toxoplama gondii
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HIV
retinitis cotton-wool spots on funduscopic exam |
CMV
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HIV
hairy leuoplakia often on lateral tongue |
EBV
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HIV
non-hodgkin's lymphoma (large cell type) often on oropharynx (waldeyer's ring) |
EBV
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HIV
sq cell carcinoma often in anus (MSM) or cervix (females) |
HPV
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HIV
interstitial pneumonia biopsy- intranuclear owl's eye inclusion bodies |
CMV
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HIV
pleuritic pain, hemoptysis, infiltrates on imaging |
aspergillus fumigatus => invasive aspergillosis
|
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HIV
pneumonia, esp with CD4 < 200 |
pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
|
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HIV
TB-like disease, esp with CD4 < 50 |
mycobacterium avium intracellulare
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unimmunized child
rash beginning at head and moving down with lymphadenopathy |
rubella
|
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unimmunized child
rash beginning at head and moving down, rash preceded by cough/coryza/conjunctivitis/koplik spots on buccal mucosa |
meales (paraxymovirus, "rubeola")
|
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unimmunized child
meningitis microbe colonizes nasopharynx |
h. influenza
|
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unimmunized child
meningitis can also lead to myalgia and paralysis |
polio
|
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unimimunized child
pharyngitis grayish oropharyngeal exudate(pseudomembrane) that may obstruct airway, painful throat |
corynebacterium diptheriae (toxin causes necrosis in pharynx, cardiac, CNS tissue)
|
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unimmunized child
epiglottitis fever with dysphagia, drooling, and difficulty swallowing due to edematous "cherry red" epiglottis |
h. influenzae type b (also causes epiglottitis in fully immunized children)
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