First Aid Gi Physiology

Front 1

Retroperitoneal structures; mnemonic?

Back 1

SAD PUCKER; suprarenal gland, aorta and IVC, duodenum (2,3,4), pancreas (except tail), ureters, colon (ascending and descending), kidneys, esopahgus, rectum

Front 2

Basal electric rhythm of stomac, duodenum and ileum

Back 2

Stomach 3/min, duodenum 12/min => ileum 8-9/min

Front 3

Is the inner muscular layer circumferential or longitudinal?

Back 3

Circumferential

Front 4

Order of contents of the femoral triangle

Back 4

Lateral to medial; nerve-artery-vein-lymphatics

Front 5

Contents of femoral sheath

Back 5

Vein and artery and lymph nodes; NOT the nerve

Front 6

Gastrin source

Back 6

G-cell of stomch antrum

Front 7

Gasrin action

Back 7

Increase gastric acid secretion (via ECL cells), increase gastric mucosa, increase motility

Front 8

Gastrin regulation

Back 8

Increas release due to stomach distention, alkalinization, amino acids, peptides, vagus nerve. Decrease due to acidic stomach pH.

Front 9

What two aminoacids are potent stimulators of gastrin?

Back 9

Phenylalanine and tryptophan

Front 10

CCK source

Back 10

I-cells of duodenum/jejunum

Front 11

CCK action

Back 11

Increase pancreatic protein secretion, increase gallbladder contraction, decrease gastric emptying, relaxes sphincter of Oddi

Front 12

CCK regulation

Back 12

Increased by fatty acids, amino acids

Front 13

Secretin source

Back 13

S cells of the duodenum

Front 14

Secretin action

Back 14

Increase pancreatic HCO3 secretion, decrease gastric acid secretion, increase bile (liquid) secretion

Front 15

Secretin regulation

Back 15

Increased by fatty acids and acid in lumen of duodenum

Front 16

What pH do pancreatic enzymes work at ideally?

Back 16

Basic

Front 17

Somatostation source

Back 17

D_cells (pancreatic islet,s GI mucosa)

Front 18

Somatostatin action

Back 18

Decrease gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion; decrease pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion, decrease gallbaldder contraction and decrease insulin/glucagon release

Front 19

Somatostation regulation

Back 19

Increased by acidity and decrease by vagal stimulation

Front 20

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) source

Back 20

K-cells (duodenum, jejunum)

Front 21

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) action

Back 21

Exocrine: decrease gastric H+ secretion; endocrine: increase insulin release

Front 22

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) regulation

Back 22

Increased by fatty acids, amino acids, oral glucose (NOT INJECTED GLUCOSE)

Front 23

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide source

Back 23

Parasympathetic ganglia

Front 24

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide action

Back 24

Increase intestinal watre and electrolyte secretion, relaxation of smooth muscles and sphincters

Front 25

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide regulation

Back 25

Increased by GI distention and vagal stimulation; decreased by adrenergic output

Front 26

Nitric oxide effect on LES

Back 26

Decreases tone; loss of NO is implicated in achalasia

Front 27

Motilin source

Back 27

Small intestine

Front 28

Motilin action

Back 28

Produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

Front 29

Motilin regulation

Back 29

Increases in fasting state

Front 30

Intrinsic factor source

Back 30

Parietal cells

Front 31

Intrinsic factor action

Back 31

Binds B12 in duodenum, uptake at terminal ileum

Front 32

Gastric acid source

Back 32

Parietla cells

Front 33

Gastric acid regulation

Back 33

Increased by hiastmine, Ach, gastrin; lowered by somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin, secretin

Front 34

Pepsin source

Back 34

Chief cells

Front 35

Pepsin regulation

Back 35

Increased by vagal stimulation, local acid

Front 36

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

Back 36

Stomach acidity, then autocatalyzation

Front 37

Normal saliva tonicity

Back 37

Hypotonic

Front 38

Effect of high flow rates on saliva tonicity

Back 38

Isotonic

Front 39

Saliva ionic composition

Back 39

High bicarb, low K, increase in Cl and Na as flow rates increase, decrease K+

Front 40

Pancreatic juice ionic composition

Back 40

High Na, inverse relationshpi between HCO and Cl as flow rate increases, low K

Front 41

How do vagal cells stimulate G-cells?

Back 41

Via GRP, NOT Ach - muscarinic antaognists have no affect!

Front 42

What ist he tonicity of pancreatic fluid?

Back 42

Isotonic

Front 43

Level of CL and HCO3 in pancreatic fluid with low and high flow

Back 43

Low flow => high Cl, high flow => high HCO3

Front 44

Enzyme composition of pancreatic secretions

Back 44

amylase, lipase, phospholipase A, colipase; tryspin, chymotryspin, elastase, carboxypeptidase

Front 45

Where is trypsinogen activated?

Back 45

Brush border by enterokinase/enteropeptidase

Front 46

Amylase hydrolyzes what bonds? Produces what sugar type?

Back 46

Disaccharaides; maltose and alpha-limit dextras; hydroylyzes 1-4 alpha glycosidic linkages

Front 47

Where is iron absorbed

Back 47

Duodenum

Front 48

What transporter uptakes glucose from the GUT lumen

Back 48

SGLT

Front 49

What transporter moves glucose from gut epithelial cells to the blood

Back 49

GLUT 2

Front 50

What transporter uptakes fructose from the GUT lumen

Back 50

GLUT 5

Front 51

What does the D-xylose absorption test tell you?

Back 51

Distinguiishes GI mucosal damage from other causes of malabsorption