Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Sonic hedgehog gene
|
Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis.
|
|
|
Wnt-7 gene
|
Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis
|
|
|
FGF gene
|
Provides for lengthening of limbs
|
|
|
Week 1 fetal landmark
|
hCG secretion after implantation of blastocyst
|
|
|
Week 2 fetal landmark
|
Bilaminar disk (epi and hypoblast)
|
|
|
Week 3 fetal landmark
|
Gastrulation (formation of 3 layers)
|
|
|
Weeks 3-8 fetal landmarks
|
Embryonic period.
Neural tube closes. Organogenesis --> susceptible to teratogens. |
|
|
Week 4 fetal landmark
|
Heart begins to beat.
Upper and lower limb bud form. |
|
|
Week 8 fetal landmark
|
Fetal period.
Fetal movement. Looks like a baby. |
|
|
Week 10 fetal landmark
|
Genitalia have male/female characteristics
|
|
|
Rule of 2's for the 2nd week
|
2 germ layers (bilaminar disk - epi and hypoblast)
2 cavities: amniotic sac and yolk sac 2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, synctiotrophoblast |
|
|
Rule of 3's for the 3rd week
|
Gastrulation - 3 germ layers
|
|
|
Rule of 4's for 4th week
|
4 chambers of the heart
4 limb buds grow |
|
|
Embryologic derivatives of surface ectoderm
|
Adenohypophysis (Rathke's pouch)
Lens of eye Epithelial lining of the oral cavity Ear sensory organs Retina Olfactory epithelium Sweat, tear, mammary glands |
|
|
Embryologic derivative of neuroectoderm
|
Brain
Retina Spinal Cord |
|
|
Embryologic derivative of neural crest
|
ANS
Dorsal root ganglia CNs Celiac ganglion Schwann Cells Parafollicular cells of thyroid Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla Pia and arachnoid mater Aorticopulmonary septum |
|
|
Embryologic derivatives of endoderm
|
Gut tube epithelium and derivatives
|
|
|
Embryologic derivatives of mesoderm
|
Muscle
Bone CT Serous lining of body cavities (peritoneum) Spleen CV structures Lymphatics Blood Urogenital/kidneys/adrenal cortex |
|
|
Name the key mesodermal defects
|
VACTERL
Vertebral defect Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo-Esophageal Fistulas Renal defects Limb defects |
|
|
What is the post-natal derivative of the notochord?
|
Nucleus pulposus
|
|
|
ACE-inhibitors
|
renal damage
|
|
|
EtOH
|
Leading cause of birth defects and metnal retardation
|
|
|
Alykylating agents
|
Absence of digits
Multiple anomalies |
|
|
Aminoglycosides
|
CN 7 abnormality
|
|
|
Cocaine
|
Abnormal fetal development
Fetal addiction Placental abruption |
|
|
DES
|
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Folate antagonists
|
NTD
|
|
|
Iodide (lack or excess)
|
Congenital goiter
Hypothyroidism |
|
|
Lithium
|
Ebstein anomaly
|
|
|
Maternal diabetes
|
Caudal regression syndrome (hypoplasia of sacrum)
Anal atresia Sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome) |
|
|
Smoking
|
Preterm labor
Placental problems IUGR ADHD |
|
|
Tetracyclines
|
Stained teeth
|
|
|
Thalidomide
|
Limb defects (flipper limbs)
|
|
|
Valproate
|
Decreases intestinal absorption of folate
|
|
|
Vitamin A excess
|
Spontanous abortions
Birth defects |
|
|
Warfarin
|
Bone deformities
Fetal hemorrhage Abortion |
|
|
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
|
Leading cause of congenital malformations and mental retardation in US
Microcephaly Holoprosencephaly Facial abnormalities Limb dislocation Heart and lung fistula |
|
|
What day is the chorion formed?
|
Day 3
|
|
|
What day is the amnion formed?
|
Day 8
|
|
|
Monozygotic twins, how many:
Amniotic sacs Placenta Chorion |
2 amniotic sacs
1 placenta 1 chorion *could also have 1 amniotic sac, 1 placenta, 1 chorion --> increased chance of conjoined twins |
|
|
Dizygotic twins, number of
Amniotic sacs Placenta Chorion |
1 of each
|
|
|
When does a dichorionic, diamniotic, 2 placenta form?
|
Before day 3 (when the chorion forms)
|
|
|
When does a monochorionic, diamniotic, placenta form?
|
Between day 3 and day 8, before the amnion has formed.
|
|
|
When does a monochorionic, monoamniotic, placenta form?
|
After day, after amnion has formed.
|
|
|
Function of placenta
|
Primary site of nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and the fetus
|
|
|
Fetal components of the placenta
|
Cytotrophoblast - inner layer of chorionic villi. Makes cells.
Synctiotrophoblast - outer layer. Makes hCG (similar to LH, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone in 1st trimester |
|
|
Maternal component of the placenta
|
Decidua basalis. Derived from endometrium. Maternal blood in the lacunae.
|
|
|
Components of the umbilical cord
|
2 umbilical arteries (carry deoxygenated blood away from baby via fetal iliac arteries)
1 umbilical vein (carries oxygenated blood to baby) Urachus (canal that drains urine from fetal bladder) Wharton's jelly Amniotic epithelium |
|
|
Urachus develops from?
|
Allantois
|
|
|
Failure of urachus to obliterate results in 2 abnormalities
|
1. Patent urachus: urine discharge from umbilicus
2. Vesicourachal diverticulum - outpouching of bladder |
|
|
What is the vitelline duct and when is it obliterated?
|
Connects yolk sac to the midgut.
7th week |
|
|
Vitelline duct abnormalities
|
Vitelline fistula: failure of duct to close --> meconium discharge from umbilicus.
Meckel's diverticulum: partial closure, with patent portion attached to ileum. Melena and RUQ pain. |
|
|
Proencephalon is composed of
|
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
|
|
|
Telencephalon becomes
|
cerebral cortex and lateral ventricles
|
|
|
Diencephalon becomes
|
Thalamus, etc. and 3rd ventricles
|
|
|
Mesencephalon becomes
|
midbrain
|
|
|
Rhombencephalon is composed of
|
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
|
|
|
Metencephalon becomes
|
Pons and Cerebellum and Aqueduct
|
|
|
Myelencephalon becomes
|
Medulla and 4th ventricles
|
|
|
Neural tube defects
1. results from 2. serum labs 3. CSF results |
1. persistent connection between amniotic cavity spinal canal
2. increased AFP 3. Increased AFP and AChE |
|
|
Spina bifida occulta
|
Failure of bony spinal canal to close, no structural herniation. See tuft of hair.
Lower vertebral levels. Dura is intact. |
|
|
Meningocele
|
Herniation of meninges through bony spinal canal defect.
|
|
|
Myelomeningocele
|
Herniation of meninges and spinal cord through bony spinal canal defect.
|
|
|
Anencephaly
|
Malformation of anterior end of neural tube.
No brain. Elevated AFP and polyhydroamnios (since there is no swallowing center in the brain) |
|
|
Holoprosencephaly
|
decreased separation of hemispheres across midline.
Associated with Patau's syndrome, FAS, cleft lip/palate |
|
|
Arnold-chiari type II
|
cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
aqueductal stenosis hydrocephaly often presents with syringomyelia, myelomeningocele |
|
|
Dandy-walker
|
Large posterior fossa.
Absent cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle. Can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bifida. |
|
|
Syringomyelia
|
Enlargement of central spinal canal of SC.
Affects anterior commissure. Seen in Arnold-Chiari II malformations. Common C8-T1. |
