Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what's in the cartoid sheath and what are their relative locations
|
internal juglar vein (lateral), common carotid artery (medial), vagus nerve (posterior)
|
|
|
right coronary artery supplies…
|
SA, AV node, inferior portion of left ventricle via posterior desending artery (right dominant)
|
|
|
which artery supplies the nodes
|
right coronary artery
|
|
|
which artery supplies the inferior left ventricle
|
posterior descending (branch of right coronary in right dominant circulation)
|
|
|
Left anterior descending supplies…
|
anterior interventricular septum
|
|
|
disphagia can be caused by what cardiac problem
|
enlargment of left atrium (most posterior part of heart)
|
|
|
enlargment of the left atrium can cause…
|
dysphagia
|
|
|
R ICS 2
|
SA node
|
|
|
R ICS 4
|
RA. (maybe liver if inhale)
|
|
|
penetrating injury: superior to clavicle
|
apex of lung
|
|
|
penetrating injury: L ICS 2
|
aorta
|
|
|
penetrating injury: L ICS 4
|
RV
|
|
|
penetrating injury: LUQ
|
stomach, transverse colon, jejunum. not descending colon cuz retro
|
|
|
penetrating injury: RUQ
|
liver, transverse colon, jejunum, ileum. not ascending colon b/c retro
|
|
|
penetrating injury: RLQ
|
jejunum, ileum
|
|
|
penetrating injury: LLQ
|
sigmoid colon, jejunum, ileum
|
|
|
penetrating injury: superior to pubic symphysis
|
full bladder
|
|
|
penetrating injury: L ICS 10 from behind
|
spleen, left kidney
|
|
|
penetrating injury: R ICS 12 from behind
|
liver, right kidney
|
|
|
adrenal cortex is from which gemrinal layer
|
mesoderm
|
|
|
andrenal medulla is from which germinal layer
|
ectoderm: neural crest
|
|
|
adrenal zones and what they produce
|
[outer] glomerulosa (aldosterone), fasciculata (cortisol), reticulata (androgens), medulla (NE, E)
|
|
|
Adrenal drainage
|
R: directly to IVC. L: adrenal => renal => IVC
|
|
|
Forgut derivatives and blood supply
|
stomach => proximal duodenum. + spleen, liver, pancreas. Celiac trunk
|
|
|
Midgut derivates and blood supply
|
proximal duodenum => poximal 2/3 transverse colon. SMA
|
|
|
Hindgut derivates and blood supply
|
distal 1/3 transverse colon to upper rectum. IMA
|
|
|
draw the major branches of the celiac trunk
|
nice.
|
|
|
vasculature and structures a/w portal hypertension
|
1) left gastric vein => esophogeal varices. 2) infeior rmesenteric vein => superficial rectal veins => internal hemorrhoids. 3) paraumbilical veins => (superficial epigastric veins) => caput medusae. 4) splenic vein => splenomegaly "gut, butt, caput"
|
|
|
inner musclular layer
|
circular. (except ureter)
|
|
|
ouer muscular layer
|
longitudinal. (except ureter)
|
|
|
submucosal plexus
|
secretion, absorption, blood flow. Meissner's plexus. Some parasympathetic cell bodies.
|
|
|
myenteric plexus
|
motility. Auerbach's. between inner/outer layers of muscle. Some parasymapethic cell bodies
|
|
|
Brunner's glands
|
duodenal submucosa. secrete alkaline mucous. hypertrophied in PUD.
|
|
|
Peyer's patch
|
uncapsulated lymphoid tissue in lamina prorpria/submucosa. covered by cuboidal enterocytes, but not goblet cells. M cells take up antigen. B cells=> lymph => blood => lamina propria: sec IgA (acquires secretory component)
|
|
|
pectate line: above/below for n/a/v/cancer
|
where hindgut meets ectoderm. ABOVE: internal hemorrhoids, visceral (no pain), IMA => superior rectal a, superior rectal v => IMV => IVC, adenocarcinoma. BELOW: external hemorrhoids, somatic (painful!), pudendal a => inf rectal a, inf rectal v => pudendal v => internal iliac => IVC, SCC
|
|
|
femoral triangle, what's in the sheath, where do hernias protrude?
|
N(AVEL). E= empty space = canal = hernia, protrude inf + lateral to pubic tubercle
|
|
|
abdomenal wall layers, inside to outside
|
peritoneum, trasversalis fascia, transversalis abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique
|
|
|
inferior epigastric vessels pass ______ to deep inguinal ring
|
medial
|
|
|
inferior epigastric vessels pass ____ to the superficial inguinal ring
|
lateral
|
|
|
deep inguinal ring is formed by which layer
|
transversalis fascia
|
|
|
superficial inguinal ring is formed by which layer
|
external oblique muscle
|
|
|
external spermatic fascia is formed from what layer
|
external oblique fascia
|
|
|
cremaster fascia is formed from what layer
|
internal oblique fascia
|
|
|
indirect hernia
|
leaves the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels and enters the deep inguinal ring. uses persistent procesus vaginalis. can exit superficial inguinal ring and enter scrotum
|
|
|
direct hernia
|
leaves abd cavity medial to inferior epigastric vessels. does not traverse inguinal canal.
|
|
|
astrocytes
|
support, K+, repair, BBB. Marker = GFAP
|
|
|
GFAP stains for…
|
astrocytes
|
|
|
ependymal cels
|
line ventricles
|
|
|
microglia
|
irreg nuc, scant cytoplasm. damage => ameboid, phagocytic. MESODERMAL ORIGIN. poor nissel stain.
|
|
|
oligodendrocyte
|
central myelin production. myelinate multiple axons. niss stain.
|
|
|
schwann cels
|
peripheral myelin production. myelinate 1 axon.
|
|
|
nissel stains for…
|
RER. poor in microglia
|
|
|
peripheral nerve layers
|
epineurium, perineurium (fascicles, Permeability barrier), endoneurium (invid "nerve fibers")
|
|
|
Meissner's corpuscle
|
light discriminatory touch of glabrous skin. small encapsulated.
|
|
|
Pacinian corpuscle
|
vibration, pressure. deep. large, encapsualted. (P=P… and V)
|
|
|
Merkel's corpuscle
|
light crude touch. cup-shaped. not encapsulated.
|
|
|
Bony labrynth is filled with…
|
perilymph (high in Na+ like ECF)
|
|
|
Membranous labrynth is filled with…
|
endolymph (high in K+ like ICF)
|
|
|
Bony labrythn is composed of…
|
cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
|
|
|
Membranous labrynth is composed of…
|
cochlear duct, saccule + utricle, semicircular canals
|
|
|
Function of utricle+saccule and sensor
|
linear acceleartion. maculae
|
|
|
Function of semicricular canals and sensor
|
Angular acceleration. Ampullae
|
|
|
Old people lose what type of hearing first?
|
high frequency
|
|
|
Base of chochlea senses…
|
high frequency
|
|
|
Apex of chochlea senses…
|
low frequency
|
|
|
Blood tissue barriers
|
1) BBB 2) Blood-testes 3) maternal-fetal (placenta)
|
|
|
3 components of the BBB
|
1) endotheial cells w/ tight junctions 2) basement membrane 3) astrocyte foot processes. (glucose/aa: carrier mediated transport)
|
|
|
2 areas of the brain w/ no BBB
|
1) area postrema/CRT zone. 2) neurohypophysis (ADH, oxytocin)
|
|
|
Functions of hypothalamus and nuclei
|
TANHATS = Thirst (supraoptic nuc), Adenohypophysis control, Neurohypophysis control (supraoptic nuc/paraventricular nuc), Hunger (lateral nuc, ventromedial nuc), Autonomic (ant=para, post=symp), Temperature (ant = cool), Sex/emo (septal nuc)
|
|
|
Hypothalamus: supraoptic nuc
|
ADH
|
|
|
Hypoth: paraventricular nuc
|
oxytocin
|
|
|
Hypoth: lateral nuc
|
hunger. lesion => anorexia
|
|
|
Hypoth: ventromedial nuc
|
satiety. lesion => hyperphagia.
|
|
|
Hypoth: suprachiasmatic
|
circadian rhythms
|
|
|
Hypoth: anterior
|
cooling, parasympathetic
|
|
|
Hypoth: posterior
|
heating, sympathetic
|
|
|
VA/VL
|
motor nucleus
|
|
|
VPM
|
facial sensiation (V)
|
|
|
VPL
|
body sensation (dorsal columns, spinothalamic tract)
|
|
|
LGN
|
vision
|
|
|
MGN
|
auditory
|
|
|
PD in terms of direct/indirect
|
dec stim of direct, dec inh of indirect
|
|
|
what's in the SFG
|
frontal eye field
|
|
|
front eye field lesion
|
can't look toward the contralateral side. eyes drift to ipsilateral side
|
|
|
IFG
|
Broca's area: motor speech area. left side
|
|
|
what's in the STG
|
Wernicke's area (associative auditory cortex), primary auditory cortex. left side.
|
|
|
what's in the precentral gyrus
|
primary motor cortex
|
|
|
what's in the postcentral gyrus
|
primary sensory cortex
|
|
|
what's in the superior parietal lobes
|
maps on the right.
|
|
|
frontal lobe functions
|
executive functions. lesion => lack of social judgement
|
|
|
Anterior cerebral artery
|
medial surface of brain. motor/sensory: leg
|
|
|
Middle cerebral artery
|
lateral surface of brain. 1) motor/sensory: trunk, arm, face. 2) speech: Broca, Wernicke
|
|
|
Posterior cerebral artery
|
thalamus, occipital lobe
|
|
|
Anterior communicating artery
|
mc site of circle of willis aneurysm => CN2 disturbance
|
|
|
Posterior communicating artery
|
aneurysm => CN3 palsy
|
|
|
Lateral striate artery
|
branch of MCA. internal capsule, caudate, putamen, GP
|
|
|
Anterior choroidal artery
|
branch of internal carotid (NOT part of circle of willis). feeds: posterior intercapsule, GP, LGN
|
|
|
generally, an anterior circle of willis block causes…
|
sensory/motor dysfunction, aphasia
|
|
|
generally, a posterior circle of willis block causes…
|
cranial nerve deficits (vertigo, visual deficits), coma, cerebellar deficits
|
|
|
generally, courses of verebral veins
|
cerebral veins => venous sinuses => transverse sinus => sigmoid sinus => internal juglar vein
|
|
|
CSF returns to ____ sinus through ______
|
superior sagiittal sinus, arachnoid granulations.
|
|
|
Ventricular system… order
|
Lateral ventricles == foramen of monro ==> 3rd ventricle == aqueduct of silvius ==> 4th ventricle ==foramen of magendie/luschka==> subarachnoid space
|
|
|
where is the choroidal plexus
|
lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle. NOT in the cerebral aqueduct
|
|
|
how many spinal nerves, what's the breakdown?
|
31 flavors/spinal nerves. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
|
|
|
Where does vertebral disk herniation usually occur
|
L5-S1
|
|
|
at what vertebral level does the spinal cord end
|
L1-L2
|
|
|
at what vertebral level does the subarachnoidspace end
|
S2
|
|
|
at what vertebral level does one do an LP
|
L3-L5
|
|
|
what layers do you go through when you do an LP
|
skin, fascia, ligaments (supraspinous, interspinous, ligamentum flavum), epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space (CSF). YOU DO NOT PIERCE THE PIA
|
|
|
what kind of sensiation does the dorsal column carry
|
light touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
|
|
|
describe the pathway of the way dorsal column
|
sensory unit (pacinian/meissner corpuscle) + 1° sensory neuron (DRG) travels up dorsal column (fasciculus cuneatus/gracilis) => 2° sensory neuron (nucleus cuneatus/gracilis) DECUSSATE in medulla, medial lemnisucus to thalamus VPL => 1° sensory cortex
|
