First Aid 2010 Lab Diagnosis

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Anticentromere antibodies

Back 1

Scleroderma (CREST)

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Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

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Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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Anti-glomerular basemenl membrane antibodies

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Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and lung hemorrhage)

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Autihistone antibodies

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Drug-induced SLE

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Anti-IgG antibodies

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Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)

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Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

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1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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Antineulrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

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Vasculitis (Wegener's, microscopic polyangiitis, glomerulonephritis)

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Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

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SLE (type II hypersensitivity)

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Antiplatelet antibodies

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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (bleeding diathesis)

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Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

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Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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Anti-transglutaminase/antigliadin antibodies

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Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)

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Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts

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Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia: especially the promyelocytic type)

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"Bamboo spine" on x-ray

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Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

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Howell-Jolly bodies (due lo splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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Basophilic stippling of RBCs

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Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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Bloody tap on LP

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Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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"Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray

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Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

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Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

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Actinomyces israelii

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Bronchogenic apical lung tumor

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Pancoast's tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)

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"Brown" tumor of bone

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Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to:
1. Hyperparathyroidism
2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease of bone)

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Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

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Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule

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Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

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Chocolate cyst of ovary

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Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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Circular grouping of dark lumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

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Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblasloma, retinoblastoma)

Front 25

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

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Cyslic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in Caucasians resulling in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

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Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis)

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Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

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Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

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Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

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Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

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Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

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Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

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Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

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Owl's-eye appearance of CMV

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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

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"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

Front 33

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

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Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)

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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

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Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)

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Eosinophilic globute in liver

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Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

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Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

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Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)

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Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

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Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)

Front 38

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")

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Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)

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Giomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

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Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

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"Hair-on-end" (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray

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β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)

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hCG elevated

Back 41

Choriocardnoma, hydalidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)

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Heart nodules (inflammatory)

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Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

Front 43

Heterophile antibodies

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Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

Front 44

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

Back 44

Bronchial asthma (Charcol-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

Front 45

High level of D-dimers

Back 45

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

Front 46

"Honeycomb lung" on x-ray

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Interstitial fibrosis

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Hypersegmented neutrophils

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Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)

Front 48

Hypochromic, microcylic anemia

Back 48

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)

Front 49

Increased α-fetoprolein in amniotic fluid/ maternal serum

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Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

Front 50

Increased uric acid levels

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Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics

Front 51

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

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Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or yellow fever)

Front 52

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

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Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: ↑ chance of mesothelioma)

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Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunocompromised

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Chédiak-Higashi disease (failure of phagolysosome formation)

Front 54

Low serum ceruloplasmin

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Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

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"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

Back 55

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Front 56

Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on x-ray

Back 56

Multiple myeloma

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Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst

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Fibrocystic change of the breast

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Monoclonal antibody spike

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1. Mulliple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA)
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
3. Waldenstrom's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia

Front 59

Monoclonal globulin prolein in blood/urine

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"Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]),

Front 60

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

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Signet ring (gastric cardnoma)

Front 61

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph

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"String sign" (Crohn's disease)

Front 62

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

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Gout (hyperuricemia)

Front 63

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

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Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

Front 64

"Nutmeg" appearance of liver

Back 64

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

Front 65

"Onion-skin" periosteal reaction

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Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

Front 66

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

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Codman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma. Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

Front 67

Podocyle fusion on EM

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Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

Front 68

Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

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Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

Front 69

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

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Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease and CJD)

Front 70

Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement

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Glioblastoma multiforme

Front 71

RBC casts in urine

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Acute glomerulonephritis

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Redangular, crystal-like inclusions in Leydig cells

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Reinke crystals (Leydig cell lumor)

Front 73

Renal epithelial casts in urine

Back 73

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

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Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

Back 74

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

Front 75

Rib notching

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Coarctation of the aorta

Front 76

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology)

Back 76

Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:I4] c-myc activation, associated with EBV)

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Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

Back 77

Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's)

Front 78

Small granulomalous lesion in lungs (can calcify)

Back 78

Ghon focus (1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

Front 79

Small, round RBC inclusions

Back 79

Heinz bodies (G6PD defidency, α-thalassemia, chronic liver disease)

Front 80

"Soap bubble" on x-ray

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Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

Front 81

"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" endothelial deposils

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Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

Front 82

Stacks of red blood cells

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Rouleaux formation (high ESR: multiple myeloma)

Front 83

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

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"Clue cells" (Cardnerella vaginalis)

Front 84

"Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

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Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

Front 85

Thrombi made of white/red layers

Back 85

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

Front 86

"Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray

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Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

Front 87

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

Back 87

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

Front 88

"Tram-track" appearance on LM

Back 88

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Front 89

Triglyceride accumulalion in liver cell vacuoles

Back 89

Fatly liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

Front 90

WBCs that look "smudged"

Back 90

CLL (almost always B cell; affects the elderly)

Front 91

"Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM

Back 91

Lupus nephropathy

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Yellow CSF

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Xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)

Front 93

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Glycolysis

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Phosphofructokinase-l (PFK-I)

Front 94

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Gluconeogenesis

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Fructose-1 .6-bisphosphatase

Front 95

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: TCA cycle

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Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Front 96

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Glycogen synthesis

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Glycogen synthase

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Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Glycogenolysis

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Glycogen phosphorylase

Front 98

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: HMP shunt

Back 98

Clucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (C6PD)

Front 99

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: De novo pyrimidine synthesis

Back 99

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

Front 100

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: De novo purine synthesis

Back 100

Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase

Front 101

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Urea cycle

Back 101

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

Front 102

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Fatty acid synthesis

Back 102

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)

Front 103

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Fatty acid oxidation

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Carnitine acyltransferase I

Front 104

Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Ketogenesis

Back 104

HMG-CoA synthase

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Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes: Cholesterol synthesis

Back 105

HMG-CoA reductase

Front 106

Special culture requirements. H. influenzae

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Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

Front 107

Special culture requirements. N. gonorrhoeae

Back 107

Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media—Vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi).

Front 108

Special culture requirements. B. pertussis

Back 108

Bordet-Cengou (potato) agar (Bordet for Bordetella)

Front 109

Special culture requirements. C. diphtheriae

Back 109

Tellurite plate, Löffler's media

Front 110

Special culture requirements. M. tuberculosis

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Löwenstein-Jensen agar

Front 111

Special culture requirements. M. pneumoniae

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Eaton's agar

Front 112

Special culture requirements. Lactose-fermenting enterics

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Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar (fermentation produces acid, turning plate pink); E. coli is also grown on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as blue-black colonies with metallic sheen

Front 113

Special culture requirements. Legionella

Back 113

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine

Front 114

Special culture requirements. Fungi

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Sabouraud's agar

Front 115

Weil-Felix reaction

Back 115

Patients with rickettsial infection have antibodies againsl Rickettsia. When patient serum is mixed with Proteusantigens, antirickettsial antibodies cross-react and agglutinate (Weil-Felix is negative in Coxiella infection)

Front 116

Tzanck test

Back 116

a smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells. Used to assay for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. Infected cells also have intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions.

Front 117

Monospot test

Back 117

for mononucleosis: heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs

Front 118

lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria

Back 118

KEE. grow pink colonies on MacConkey's agar. Include Citrobacter. Klebsiella. E. coli. Enterobacter, and Serralia.

Front 119

Enterobacteriaceae

Back 119

COFFFe: Capsular, O antigen, Flagellar antigen, Ferment glucose, Enterobacteriaceae

Front 120

Lyme disease

Back 120

BAKE a Key Lyme pie: Bell's palsy, Arthritis. Kardiac block, Erythema migrans.

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Zoonotic bacteria

Back 121

Big Bail Bugs From Your Pet named Ella. Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Pasteurella multocida

Front 122

Palm and sole rash

Back 122

"CARS. Coxsackieviruts A infection (hand, fool, and mouth disease). Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Syphilis.