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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What disease? What class of virus?
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Vaccinia/Cowpox "milkmaid's blisters"
Poxvirus class |
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What disease is this? What class does its etiology fall under?
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Molluscum contagiosum. Poxvirus.
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Are boosters needed when a live attenuated vaccine is given?
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No
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Complementation refers to
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When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus "complements" the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses.
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Live attenuated vaccines include
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Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), Sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox
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Killed vaccines include
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Rabies, Influenza, Salk Polio, and HAV (RIP Always, salK=Killed)
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Recombinant vaccines include
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HBV(antigen = recombinant HBsAg), HPV (types 6,11,16, and 18)
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DNA viral genomes are predominantly double stranded or single stranded. What is the exception?
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Double stranded. Parvoviridae are ssDNA ("part-of-a-virus")
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Name all of the DNA viruses
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Herpesviruses, Hepadnavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus, Poxvirus (HHAPPPy viruses)
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All DNA viral genomes are linear except
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Papilloma, polyoma and hepadnaviruses (circular)
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RNA viruses are predominantly double stranded or single stranded. What is the exception?
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Single stranded. Reoviridae is dsRNA "repeat-o-virus"
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Which of these are infectious when purified? dsDNA, dsRNA, (+) ssRNA, (-)ssRNA
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dsDNA and (+)ssRNA
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All viruses are haploid except what virus
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Retrovirus - have 2 identical ssRNA molecules (diploid)
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All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except
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Poxvirus
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All RNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except
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Influenza and retrovirus
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Naked (nonenveloped) viruses include
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Calicivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus, Parvovirus, Adenovirus, Papillomavirus, and Polyomavirus (Naked CPR and PAPP smear)
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Name the enveloped DNA viruses
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Herpesvirus (HSV 1 and 2, VZV, CMV, EBV), HBV, smallpox
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Name the nucleocapsid DNA viruses
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Adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus
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Name the enveloped RNA viruses
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Flavivirus (HCV, Yellow fever, West nile), Togavirus (Rubella), Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV), Coronavirus ("common cold" and SARS, Orthomyxovirus (Influenza), Paramyxovirus (Parainfluenza, RSV, Rubeola/Measles, Mumps), Rhabdovirus (Rabies), Filovirus (Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever), Arenavirus (LCMV - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus), Bunyavirus (Hantavirus), Deltavirus (HDV)
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Name the nucleocapsid RNA viruses
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Reovirus (Colorado tick fever, Rotavirus), Picornavirus (Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV), Hepevirus (HEV), and Calicivirus (Norwalk virus)
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Name 4 characteristics that all DNA viruses share
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1. Double stranded (EXCEPT Parvo). 2. Linear (EXCEPT Papilloma and polyoma - circular, supercoiled and Hepadna - circular, incomplete) 3. Icosahedral (EXCEPT pox - complex) 4. Replicate in the nucleus (EXCEPT Pox which carries its own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase)
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What DNA virus carries its own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and does not replicate in the nucleus?
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Poxvirus
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What diseases does HSV-1 cause?
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Gingivostomatitis, Keratoconjunctivitis, Temporal lobe encephalitis (most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US), herpes labialis
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How is HSV-1 spread?
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Respiration secretions, saliva
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What diseases does HSV-2 cause?
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Herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes
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How is HSV-2 spread?
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Sexual contact, perinatal
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What diseases does VZV cause?
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Varicella-zoster (shingles), encephalitis, pneumonia
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How is VZV spread?
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Respiratory secretions
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What diseases does EBV cause?
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Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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How is EBV spread?
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Respiratory secretions, saliva
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What diseases does CMV cause?
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Congenital infection, mononucleousis (negative Monospot), pneumonia. infected cells have characteristic "owl's eye" appearance
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How is CMV spread?
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Congenital, transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant
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Where does VZV remain dormant in?
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Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia
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What class of viruses is EBV and CMV in?
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Herpesviruses
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What virus is Kaposi's sarcoma associated with in AIDS patients?
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HHV-8
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HHV-8 causes what disease?
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Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV patients
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How is HHV-8 spread?
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Sexual contact
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What is a Tzanck test used for?
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HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV detection
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What is done in a Tzanck test?
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A smear is taken from an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells
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Infected HSV cells also have intranuclear __________ inclusions
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Cowdry A
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What cells does EBV infect?
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B cells
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Name some common symptoms of EBV infection
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Fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy (esp. posterior cervical nodes from B cells multiplying)
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What is the peak incidence of EBV infection
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15-20 years old
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EBV does what to T cells
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Abnormal circulating cytotoxic T cells (atypical lymphocytes)
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Explain how a positive Monospot test works
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Blood of a person infected with EBV has Ab against EBV that cross reacts and agglutinates sheep RBCs.
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What diseases are EBV associated with?
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infectious mononucleosis, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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Heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs reveal the presence of what virus?
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EBV
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Adenovirus possesses an envelop. True or false
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FALSE
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What symptoms does Adenovirus cause
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Febrile pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis ("pink eye"
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What disease does Parvovirus cause
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Aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, "slapped cheek" rash aka erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), hydrops fetalis
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What is hydrops fetalis? What DNA virus is it associated with?
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Accumulation of fluid/ascites. A prenatal form of heart faiulre usually stemming from fetal anemia. Parvovirus B19 virus
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What disease does Papillomavirus cause?
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HPV - warts, CIN, cervical cancer
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What disease does Polyomavirus cause?
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JC virus - progressive multifucal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV
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What class of viruses does JC virus belong to?
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Polyoma virus
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What diseases fall under the Poxvirus class?
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Smallpox, Vaccinia-cowpox, Molluscum contagiosum
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What diseases does Reovirus cause?
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Reovirus - Colorado tick fever, Rotavirus - #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
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Diseases of Picornavirus
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Poliovirus, Echovirus - aseptic meningitis, Rhinovirus - "common cold," Coxsackievirus, HAV (acute viral hepatitis) - PERCH
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What are some of the physical manifestations of Coxsackievirus infection?
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Aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mouth blisters, febrile pharyngitis), hand, foot, and mouth disease, myocarditis
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Aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mouth blisters, febrile pharyngitis), hand foot and mouth disease, myocarditis can all be manifestatiosn of this virus
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Coxsackievirus
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Coxsackievirus is classifed as what RNA virus family?
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Picornavirus
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HEV virus can be classified as a RNA or DNA virus? In what class?
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RNA virus; Hepevirus
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What disease does the Norwalk virus cause? What class is it in?
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Viral gastroenteritis; Calicivirus
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Which of the RNA viruses are segmented?
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Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Arenaviruses, and Reoviruses (BOAR)
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How many segments does the influenza virus have?
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8
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What class of viruses is Rubella in?
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Togavirus
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What diseases does Togavirus class have?
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Rubella (German measles), Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis
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HCV, Yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus are all in what class?
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Flavivirus
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HTLV causes what disease? What class?
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T-cell leukemia. Retrovirus
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What diseases is Coronavirus responsible for?
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"common cold" and SARS
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Influenza virus is what class of virus?
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Orthomyxovirus
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What type of capsid does orthomyxovirus have?
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Helical
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Coronavirus has a + or - SS of RNA?
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Plus
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Rhabdovirus causes what disease? + or - RNA? What shape capsid?
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Rabies, Minus, Helical
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Do flaviviruses have envelopes? + or - RNA? Icosahedral or helical capsid?
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Yes envelope; + RNA; Icosahedral
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How many segments do reoviruses have?
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10-12 segments
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What diseases are Paramyxoviruses responsible for?
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Parainfluenza - croup, RSV - bronchiolitis in babies, Rubeola (Measles), Mumps
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What is the treatment for RSV?
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Ribavirin
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What disease is caused by Filoviruses?
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Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever which is often fatal!
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What class of virus is responsible for Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever?
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Filoviruses
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What class of viruses is responsible for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Lassa fever encephalitis?
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Arenaviruses
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What spreads Lassa fever encephalitis?
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Mice
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What class of viruses does Hantavirus fall under?
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Bunyaviruses
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What are the sx of Hantavirus?
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Hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia
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What class does HDV fall under?
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Deltavirus
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Deltavirus has what virus in it?
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HDV
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Which RNA viruses are negative stranded? What must they have bring with it to reproduce?
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Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses, and Rhabdoviruses (Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication); RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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Which Picornaviruses can cause aseptic meningitis?
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Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus
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What is the Yellow fever virus transmitted by? What are the reservoirs of this virus?
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Aedes mosquitos; humans or monkeys
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What are the symptoms of a Yellow fever virus infection?
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High fever, black vomitus, and jaundice. Counsilman bodies may be seen in the liver
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What virus causes high fever, black vomitus, jaundice, and Councilman bodies in the liver?
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Yellow fever virus
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What are the sx of German measles? What is the virus that causes German measles?
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Rubella virus: fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine truncal rash.
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What virus is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis and is a segmented dsRNA virus?
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Rotavirus
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What does rotavirus do to the GI tract?
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Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na+ and water.
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What are the functions of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza viruses?
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Hemagglutinin: attach to host sialic acid receptors. Neuraminidase: dissovles mucus
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What is croup?
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Seal like barking cough that is a manifestation of parainfluenza
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What is diagnostic of measles?
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Koplick spots - red spots w/ blue-white center on buccal mucosa
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What are signs of rubeola virus infection?
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Koplik spots, SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), encephalitis, and giant cell pneumonia (rarely, in mmunosuppressed). Rash spreads from head to toe.
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What are the three C's of measles?
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Cough, coryza (head cold), conjunctivitis
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What virus casues parotitis, orchitis, and aspetic meningitis?
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Mumps virus
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What are Negri bodies?
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Characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus
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What shape does the rabies virus capsid take?
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Bullet shaped
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How long is the incubation period for rabies?
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Weeks to months
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What are the symptoms of rabies virus infection?
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Fatal encephalitis with seizures, hydrophobia, hypersalivation, and pharyngeal spasm
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What virus casues Fatal encephalitis with seizures, hydrophobia, hypersalivation, and pharyngeal spasm
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Rabies virus (rhabdovirus)
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How is rabies virus commonly transmitted
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More from bat, racoon, and skunk bites than from dog bites
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How does rabies affect the CNS
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Migrate in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons
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What are arboviruses?
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Viruses transmitted by arthropods (mosquitos, ticks)
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What is the difference between Rubella and Rubeola?
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Rubella - togavirus, German 3 day measles; Rubeola - Paramyxovirus, measles
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What diseases does Varicella cause?
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Chickenpox and zoster
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What is the difference between Varicella and Variola?
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Varicella - herpesvirus: chickenpox and zoster. Poxvirus - smallpox
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HAV has a short or long incubation? How long?
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Short - 3 weeks
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Can anybody be a HAV carrier?
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No
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How is HBV transmitted?
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Parenteral, sexual, and maternal-fetal routes.
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HBV has a short or long incubation? How long?
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Long - 3 months
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Can anybody be a HBV carrier?
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Yes
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Describe the replication mechanism of HBV
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HBV is a DNA hepadnavirus. Host cellular RNA polymerase transcribes RNA from the DNA template. Reverse transcriptase from virus transcribes - strand DNA genome from RNA intermediate. Then viron DNA dependent DNA polymerase transcribes + strand of DNA to make complete replication.
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HCV is transmitted by
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Blood primarily
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Can there be carriers of HCV?
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Yes
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HCV is a common cause of hepatitis among which populations
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Post-transfusion and IV drug users in US
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What are the four Cs associated with HCV?
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Chronic, cirrhosis, carcinoma, carriers
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Why can an individual be infected with multiple strains of HCV?
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No 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading. RNA polymerase makes many errors --> individual with infection has many strains
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What hepatitis virus is commonly associated with cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma?
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HCV
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Describe HDV
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Defective virus that requires HBsAg as its envelope. HDV can coinfect with HBV or superinefect. Superinfect has a worse prognosis.
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Can there be carriers for HDV?
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Yes
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How are HBV, HCV, and HDV all transmitted?
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Parenteral, sexual, and maternal-fetal
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HEV is what class of virus? Envelope? RNA structure? Capsid symmetry?
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Hepevirus. No envelope. SS + Icosahedral
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What hepatitis virus has a high mortality in pregnant women?
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HEV
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What hepatitis virus causes water-borne epidemics?
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HEV
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What does the presence of HBsAg indicate?
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Continued presence indicates carrier state
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What is the function of HBsAb?
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Provides immunity to hepatitis B
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What is HBeAg
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A second, different antigenic determinant in the HBV core besides HBcAg. Important indicator of active viral replciation and high transmissibility
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What is the significance of HBeAb presence?
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Antibody to e antigen (in core). Indicates LOW transmissibility
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What is the significance of HBV DNA presence in the serum?
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Index of infectivity
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What is the signifcance of HBx?
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Functions in deregulation of hepatocyte replication which causes hepatocellular carcinoma in those infected with HBV.
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Do HBcAb provide immunity and why do we use them?
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NOT protective, no immunity - but used to distinguish a new infection from an old infection (IgM vs. IgG)
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What is the difference in significance between the presence of HBeAg and HBeAb
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HBeAg = high transmissibility; HBeAb = low transmissibility
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What would you find in the serum of acute HBV disease?
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HBsAg and HBcAb
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What would you find in the serum of a patient in the window phase after resolution of HBV infection?
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HBcAb
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What would you find in the serum of a patient who is a chronic carrier of HBV?
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HBsAg and HBcAb. Failed to develop protective HBsAb.
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Somebody who is a chronic carrier of HBV has failed to develop what?
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HBsAb
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Somebody who is immunized for HBV has what in his serum?
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HBsAb
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What is greater in viral hepatitis: ALT or AST
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ALT > AST
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What is greater in alcoholic hepatitis: ALT or AST
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AST > ALT
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What are the main components/divisions of the HIV genome?
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LTRs, GAG, POL, ENV, TAT, REV, NEV
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What is the function of LTRs in the DNA genome?
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Long terminal repeat sequences: 1) Sticky ends - sequences that are recognized by integrase that are involved ininsertion into host DNA. 2) Promoter/enhancer fx: once incorporated into host DNA, proteins bind to LTRs that can modify DNA trnascription
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What is the HIV gene that codes for proteins inside the envelope like nucleocapsid, capsid, and matrix?
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GAG
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What is another name for the capsid and matrix protein genes?
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Capsid - p24. Matrix - p17
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What envelope proteins are transmembrane through the envelope and what proteins are outside the envelope?
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gp41env is transmembrane through envelope. gp120env is outside the envelope
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What does the POL gene code for in the HIV genome?
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Protease, RT, and integrase proteins
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What is the function of protease in HIV?
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Protease cleaves gag and pol proteins from larger precursor proteins.
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What makes the HIV genome hard to vaccinate against?
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Hypervariable regions in the env proteins. Reverse transcriptase undergoes frequent mutation.
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What does the TAT gene encode?
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Viral transactivator protein that binds to viral genome and activates transcription.
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What receptor proteins does HIV bind to on T cells? on macrophages?
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CXCR4 and CD4 on T cells. CCR5 and CD4 on macrophages.
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What protein mutation would give immunity or slow down the course of HIV infection?
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Heterozygous CCR5 mutation = immunity. Heterozygous CCR5 mutation = slower course
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What tests are used in the diagnosis of HIV?
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ELISA first (sensitive, Rule out) then Western blot assaay (specific, rule in), or HIV PCR/virall load tests
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What are the disadvantages of ELISA/Western blot tests?
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Often falsely negative in the first 1-2 months of HIV infection and falsely positive initially in babies born to infected mothers (anti-gp120 crosses placenta)
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What are the four F stages of HIV infection?
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1. Flulike (acute) 2. Feeling fine (latent) 3. Falling count 4. Final crisis
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Where does the HIV virus replicate during the latent phase?
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Lymph nodes
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What AIDS opportunitistic infections/diseases occur in the brain?
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Cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, CMV encephalopathy, AIDS dementia, PML (JC virus)
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What AIDS opportunitistic infections/diseases occur in the eyes?
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CMV retinitis
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What AIDS opportunitistic infections/diseases occur in the mouth and throat?
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Thrush (Candida albicans), HSV, CMV, oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV)
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What AIDS opportunitistic infections/diseases occur in lungs?
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Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP), TB, histoplasmosis
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What AIDS opportunitistic infections/diseases occur in the GI tract?
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Cryptosporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, CMV colitis, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (EBV), Isospora belli (parasite)
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What AIDS opportunitistic infections/diseases occur in the skin?
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Shingles (VZV), Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8)
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What AIDS opportunitistic infections/diseases occur in the genitals?
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Genital herpes, warts, and cervical cancer (HPV)
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Risk of what infections increases at a CD level <400 for AIDS patients?
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Oral thrush, tinea pedis, reactivation VZV, reeactivation tuberculosis, other bacterial infections (H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, Salmonella)
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Risk of what infections increases at a CD level <200?'
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Reactivation HSV, cryptosporidiosis, Isopora, disseminated coccidioidomycosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia
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Risk of what infections increases at a CD level <100?
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Candidal esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis
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Risk of what infections increases at a CD level <50?
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CMV retinitis and esophagitis, disseminated M. avium-intracellulare, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
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Neoplasms associated with HIV
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Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8), invasive cervical carcinoma (HPV), Primary CNS lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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HIV encephalitis occurs when in course of infection? How does it occur? What is the pathologic finding?
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Late in course of HIV infection. Virus gains CNS access via infected macrophage. Microglial nodules with multinucleated giant cells.
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What is a prion?
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Proteinaceous infectious particles that do not contain RNA or DNA. Encoded by cellular genes.
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What diseases do prions cause?
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJP-rapid progressive dementia), kuru, scrapie (sheep), and "mad cow disease"
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Normal prions vs. pathologic prions differ how?
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Normal: alpha helix conformation. Pathologic: B-pleated sheets.
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Why do pathologic conformations of prions accumulate?
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Resistance to proteinase digestion
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