Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
For proper performance, how many hours of sleep should a FF have compared to hours worked? |
One hour of sleep for every Two hours of work
|
|
|
Heat stress is unlikely if your heart rate is below what?
|
Under 100 beats
|
|
|
How many calories can a FF burn when working?
|
300-600 an hour
|
|
|
In regards to readiness, when should you get off the fire engine to go to work on a call?
|
NOT until you are ready to fight fire.
|
|
|
How much radiant heat does shelter reflect away?
How much convective heat does it absorb? How long should it take you to deploy your shelter? |
95%
100% 25 seconds |
|
|
What are the (3) most common reasons we vioate the 10 standard
|
Ignorance
"Machismo" Apathy |
|
|
Can the 10 standard fire fighting orders be compromised?
|
NO
|
|
|
In regards to wild land firefighting training.
"Practice makes responses____________" |
Practice makes responses INSTINCTIVE
|
|
|
What are the (5) common denominstors in fatal fires?
|
Small fires or isolated sections
Deceptively light fuel Fire responds to wind change Fire responds to topographical change Fire responds to aircraft influence |
|
|
How much faster will a fire burning on a slope of 30% burn than a fire burning on level ground or up to 5%?
What happens when it reaches a 55% slope? |
twice as fast
The ROS will double again |
|
|
What does L.A.C.E.S. stand for
|
L=Lookouts
A=Awareness C=Communications E=Escape routes S=Safety zones |
|
|
Describe the characteristics of a perfectly designed safety zone?
|
Large enough to accommodate all resource in the area without having to use a fire shelter.
|
|
|
(3) safety precautions in regards to figthing fires near power lines?
|
Fire can arc through smoke
Stay a min. of 100' away Do not spray water above your heght and or in direction of power lines |
|
|
What is the primary driving forces in wild land fires?
|
Weather
|
|
|
The layer of the earth's atmosphere closest to the ground were all the weather takes place is called the ______________?
|
Troposphere
|
|
|
What elements are present in the earth's atmosphere?
|
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen 0.9% Argon 0.03 % Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
What is the primary source of weather?
|
Increase surface temperatures on the Earth
|
|
|
What time of day usually brings the highest temperatures?
|
1400-1600
|
|
|
What weather factor has the greatest impact on fire behavior?
|
Wind
|
|
|
How much will the passage of these fronts change wind direction:
Warm Front? Cold Front? |
Warm front can change the wind 45-90 degrees
Cold front can change the wind from less than 45 degrees all the way to 180 degrees |
|
|
Define the following wind types:
Local Surface & Mid-flame |
Local= local terrain influenced
Surface=measured 20' off ground Mid-flame=mid-point of flame height |
|
|
Which wind type has the greatest influence on the direction a fire burns?
|
Midflame
|
|
|
Which direction do these fronts move?
Warm..... Cold....... |
Warm front moves clockwise
Cold fronts move counterclockwise |
|
|
What is the main difference between up-slope winds and up-valley winds?
|
Up-valley winds usually don't' start until most of the air in the valley is warmed. (bigger area requires more heating to get the air moving)
|
|
|
Name (4) Foehn Winds and locations?
|
Santa Ana..So. Cal
Chinook..Rocky Mtns North Winds..Nor. Cal Eastern Winds...Wash. / Oregon |
|
|
Thunderstorms:
Life expectancy in hours? Most common lifting force to create? Down draft wind speed? |
12 hours and gone
Convection from Solar Heating over 60 mph down drafts |
|
|
(3) Signs of vertical instability?
|
Gusty Winds
Good visibility Clouds growing |
|
|
Define "Relative Humidity"?
Where is RH the most important in relation to the ground? |
"The ratio of the amount of water vapor actually present in the air compared to the greatest amount possible at the same temperature"
Near the ground- it influences fire behavior and fuels |
|
|
What happens to RH for every 20 degree increase in temperature?
What happens to the RH if the temperature drops 20 degrees? |
RH drops by half!
RH doubles |
|
|
Define "Dew Point"?
|
Dew Point is the temperature at which air is 100% saturated with water vapor and condenses into clouds or fog.
|
|
|
Define "Atmospheric Stability"?
|
Atmospheric stability is the resistance of the atmosphere to vertical motion.
|
|
|
Visual Indicators of:
Stable Air vs. Unstable Air |
Stable Air=clouds, poor visibility, steady winds, cooler
Unstable= good visibility, dust devils, warmer |
|
|
How often should you monitor weather if fighting fire in a area with an inversion layer?
|
At least hourly
|
|
|
Describe the following clouds:
Cumulnimbus... Altocumulus Castellanus... Stratus.... |
Cumulnimbus... or thunderstorm / anvil
Altocumulus Castellanus..."little towers", rain coming Stratus...uniform layer of low clouds...stable air |
|
|
What are the (4) ways thunderstorms are caused?
(these are the lifting effects) |
Thermal (heat forces air up)
Orographic (mtn tops forces air up) Convergence ( a low and a high meet) Frontal (two fronts collide, one submarines the other) |
|
|
Which (2) aspects are most vulnerable to fire?
|
South and southwest
|
|
|
What are the (3) general types of fuel categories?
|
Ground
Surface Aerial |
|
|
What is the difference in fuel loads (tons per acre) between grass and timber?
|
1-3 tons an acre for grass
200 tons per acre in timber |
|
|
What happens to the fires chemical reaction for every 18 degrees increase in temperature?
|
It doubles in speed
|
|
|
The average lapse rate, or amount of temperature change per 1,000 feet of elevation is?
|
3-1/2 degrees
|
|
|
Describe the dead fuel moisture time lags, sizes and example vegetation?
1, 10, 100 & 1,000 hour fuels |
1 Hr. is less than 1/4" diameter like grass
10 Hr. is 1/4" -1" diameter like sage 100 Hr. is 1"-3" diameter like logging slash 1,000 Hr. is 3"-8" diameter like logs/timber |
|
|
What are the most important (3) weather components that effect fire behavior?
|
Wind
Temperature RH |
|
|
What are the (2) most important fuel components that effect fire behavior?
|
The most important fuel components are moisture and temperature
|
|
|
What are the (3) factors that influence the direction a fire will burn?
|
wind
slope condition of fuel |
|
|
What are the (4) flame length interpretations and appropriate actions for each?
|
0-4'..can attack head or flanks with hand line
4-8'...too intense for direct attack, mech. quip. req'd 8-11' ..control probs, head attack limited effect 11' plus..major runs probable |
|
|
In regards to heat energy release of a fuel during a fire....what amount is released as radiant heat verses dissipated to the atmosphere?
|
80% to atmosphere
20% radiant heat to surroundings |
|
|
Which kind of fuels are the primary carrier of fire?
|
Fine fuels
|
|
|
If a thunderstorm is within ____________ miles to your fire you should be concerned?
|
10 miles
|
|
|
One volume of water will cool _____________ volumes of a burning fuel if applied correctly?
|
300
|
|
|
How does foam attack all (3) side of the fire triangle?
|
Foam will cool
Foam will smother Foam will insulate fuels |
|
|
What are (4) disadvantages to using class A foam?
|
Can irritate skin / eyes
Corrosive on some metals Can harm environment Is slippery and can harm leather |
|
|
What are the (3) ways a fire can cross a fire line?
|
Spotting
Radiation Convective heat |
|
|
What is the difference between "Burning Out" and "Back firing"?
|
Burning out is done to removes fuels on the perimeter or in the green or to make a safe area
Backfiring is an indirect attack tactic used to slow fire |
|
|
Which use of fire (Burning Out / Back Firing) is the most commonly used?
Which firing technique is the most common? |
Burning Out
Strip Firing |
|
|
What is the key to lighting a successful backfire?
|
Ensure that the main fire DRAWS the backfire to it.
|
|
|
What is the proper rate of firing that should be used as a general rule of thumb?
|
Never put more fire on the ground than can be safely controlled, held or extinguished
|
|
|
When does size up begin on a wild land fire?
|
When you leave the station...noting weather, (Wind, RH...) smoke color, direction etc...
|
|
|
What are the (4) rate of spread categories based on movement of the head of the fire?
|
Low= 0-100' per hour
Moderate=100-400' per hour High= 400-1,800' per hour Extreme= 1,800' + per hour |
|
|
Describe all the measurements of an acre?
|
43,560 sq. ft. (209' square)
|
|
|
Describe all the measurements of a chain?
|
one chain = 66 ft.
|
|
|
What is the best scale of topo map for firefighting?
|
7.5 minute
|
|
|
What are the (3) attack methods?
Which is the safest? |
Direct=(SAFEST) right on fire's edge
Parallel= 6-50 feet from fire's edge Indirect= considerable distance from fire's edge |
|
|
What are the (4) direct deployment strategies?
|
Flanking = Pick an anchor and work edge
Tandem = 2 engines in a row work on same flank Pincer = both flanks attacked simultaneously Envelopment = attack all sides simultaneously |
|
|
"Hot-spotting" - Chasing spots into the burn is ok for rookies? (True or False)
|
False! Being out in the green near the main body of fire is extremely dangerous. Experience req'd!
|
|
|
How far should crews mop up into the burn?
What is a boneyard or bone pile? |
100 feet
Material noticed during mop up that is placed aside to look more closely at. |
|
|
What is the best way to protect environmentally, ecologically or historically significant sites?
|
Stay out of them :)
|
|
|
What is the most versatile piece of equipment in the fire service?
|
The fire engine
|
|
|
What are the minimum qualifications for a type 1 and a type 3 engine?
|
Type 1 = 1000gpm, 400gals, 1200' 2-1/2", 400' 1-1/2", 48 feet of ladders and 4 staff
Type 3 = 150gpm, 500gals, 500' 1-1/2", 800' 1", 3 staff |
|
|
How much loss of suction is there for every 1,000 feet of elevation?
What is the maximum height you can suction or lift water? |
about 1 foot of lift or suction
15' |
|
|
In regards to pumping (HEAD) pressures, what is a good rule of thumb for pressure required for:
each 100' elevation gain? each floor of a building? |
each 100' of elevation requires 43lbs. extra PSI
each floor of a building requires 5lbs. extra PSI |
|
|
In regards to pumping (FRICTION LOSS) pressures, what is a good rule of thumb for:
every 100' of 1" hose every 100' of 1-1/2" hose |
each 100' section of 1" hose requires 12 extra PSI
each 100' section of 1-1/2" hose requires 2 extra PSI |
|
|
What is the hydraulic calculation for PUMP PRESSURE?
What is the hydraulic calculation for NOZZLE PRESSURE? |
PP=NP+/- Head PSI + FL
NP=PP=/- Head PSI - FL |
|
|
When are air tanker most effective in firefighting?
What speed of wind will ground tankers? |
During the initial stages of the fires when they are small
winds greater than 20 mph stops air tankers |
|
|
When aircraft turn around times exceed _________ minutes, more air tankers should be requested.
What is the max turn around time for helo? |
30 mins
10 mins |
|
|
What is the drop interval for air tankers that is considered optimal ?
What is considered the optimal altitude for drops? |
5 mins
150' |
|
|
What is the difference between a fire retardant and a fire suppressant?
|
Fire Retardant is applied ahead of fire
Fire suppressant like water mixed w/ foam or a chemical agent are applied right on fires/fuels |
|
|
What are the minimum qualifications for a type 1 and a type 3 Air-tanker?
|
Type 1 = 3,000 gals +
Type 3 = 800-1,799 gals |
|
|
What should you do if getting dropped on by an air tanker?
|
Get behind something or lie on ground facing the drop, cover face, spread feet apart & hold tools away
|
|
|
What are the minimum qualifications for a type 1 and a type 3 helicopter?
|
Type 1 = 16 folks, 5,000lbs & 700 gals
Type 3 = 9-15 folks, 2,500-4,999lbs & 300-699gals |
|
|
In regards to helicopter Landing Zones...what are the:
Distances for landing and departure? Heli-spot dimensions FAA rule regarding proximity to schools |
Approach is 100'
Departure is 300' Helispot is 20'x20' FAA requires 1,000' from school |
|
|
How should the air-tankers be used on the fire?
|
To slow the flanks, head and spots
|
|
|
What are the (4) basic types of hand crews?
|
Hotshots
Inmates Native American Military |
|
|
What are the (4) ICS types of crews of 18-20 members and their crew capabilities?
|
Type 1 = (Hotshots) Well Trained/No restriction
Type 2(1) = Basic FF w/ IA capability Type 2 = Some training & restrictions (st & local) Type 3 = Basic FF but will need tools (MILITARY) |
|
|
As a rule of thumb, how long should it take for a 15 person crew to put in a 3' wide fire-line around a one acre grass fire?
|
One hour for every 900' in grass
|
|
|
What is the best place for a dozer to put in fire-line?
What is considered the danger zone around a dozer? |
On ridge tops
Within 50' |
|
|
When doing structure defense, what are the (3) fire behavior conditions you must always track?
|
ROS
Number of brands Length of heat (how long things continue to burn) |
|
|
What are the (3) categories of homes in regards to structural triage?
|
Those that need NO help
Those that need a little help Those the are lost / losers |
|
|
What percentage of homes are lost to oncoming fire fronts due to a lack of clearance?
|
90%
|
|
|
As a rule of thumb, how long will you have to stay with a home where firebrands are not a problem and the home is surrounded by grass or sagebrush?
|
20-40 minutes
|
|
|
How long will a:
foam blanket last? gel blanket? |
Foam is 15-30 mins
Gels can last for hours |
|
|
When optimal, should a firing operation be with the wind or against it?
Upslope or downslope? |
Against the wind
Downslope |
|
|
Is wetting down the area before the fire front gets there an appropriate use of water?
|
NO!!!!
|
|
|
What state and what group formed ICS?
|
California (OES)
FIRESCOPE |
|
|
When should branches be added to an incident?
|
When there are more than five divisions
|
|
|
Who is responsible for implementation of the IAP?
|
Ops section chief
|
|
|
How should the branches look when multiple jurisdictions are involved in the incident?
|
When possible, keep all the same department units in each divisions
|
|
|
Whose job is it to develop the IAP and keep track of resources?
|
Plans section chief
|
|
|
What is the first job of the plans section?
|
Check in folks as they arrive to the incident
|
|
|
What (3) ICS positions can have a deputy?
|
IC
Section Chief Branch Director |
|
|
Who is responsible for keeping the Resource Unit informed of status changes for units?
|
Each Division/Group
|
|
|
When is the term "COMPLEX" used to describe fires?
|
When two or more incidents in the same general area are managed by the same IMT
|
|
|
When is an AREA COMMAND used?
|
To manage large, multiple and or complex incidents with multiple IMT's working under one AREA COMMAND
|
|
|
What is a MAC?
|
MAC is a "MULTI-AGENCY COORDINATION" center is where leaders with authority meet to discuss common goals on a incident they are working together
|
|
|
What is the difference between a MAC and an IC, UC, COMPLEX or AREA COMMAND"
|
MAC is coordination of resources...all the other is a command of resources
|
|
|
In Gordon Graham's "6 minutes for Safety" what are his (2) famous statements about FF safety?
|
"If it is predicatble...it is preventable!"
"We have not found any new ways to kill FF's in the last 50 yrs" |
|
|
What are (4) words that make up situational awareness?
|
"K.I.E.U"
Knowledge Information Experience Understanding |
|
|
For planning, what is the recommended time blocks that we are instructed to think through?
|
4 hour blocks
|
|
|
What are the (5) operational firefighting modes?
|
IA
Extend attack Large Fire Operations Mega Fire Operations Recovery and Rehab |
|
|
What percentage of fires are controlled at less than 10 acres?
|
95%
|
|
|
What are the (4) factors of a particular engine crew that effect their abilities?
|
Training
Experience Leadership Motivation |
|
|
What are a few situations that shout watch out in the WUI setting?
|
Wood structures with wood shake roofs
Bridge load limits Poor access (narrow or one way roads) Inadequate water supply Natural fuels closer than 30 feet to the structure |
|
|
How many square miles in a township?
|
Each township is 6 miles x 6 miles square which = 36 square miles
|
|
|
What is the calculation to figure percent of slope?
A 100 % slope is what degree? Over what % slope is considered steep? |
% of slope=(vertical dist. / horizontal dist.)x100
45 degrees Anything over 40% slope |
|
|
What % of fires are caused by humans?
|
90%
|
|
|
What are (3) fuel modification zones?
|
0-30' around house clear of all dead material
Remove limbs of trees within 10 feet of chimney 100' total fuel management zone is the goal |
|
|
Briefly describe the 704M Placarding system:
Colors? Numbers? |
Red=Fire
Blue=Health Yellow=Reactivity White=Special 0-4 (higher is worse) |
|
|
Which side of body should tools be carried?
What is a good mixture ratio for a drip torch? |
Downhill side
4 parts diesel and 1 part gasoline |
|
|
What is the frequency range for a VHF radio?
|
150-170 MHz
|
