Fire Test 2

Front 1

Fire Weather

Back 1

Weather Conditions that influence:
1.Fire starts
2.Fire Behavior
3.Fire Control

Front 2

Fire Season

Back 2

Period of year that fires are likely to:
1.Occur
2.Spread
3.damage
4.warrant organized fire control

Front 3

Critical Fire Period

Back 3

1.Lasts 2-10 days
2.Fire Danger High
3.High Pressure system mvmt.

Front 4

Burning Period

Back 4

Relates the probability of fire ignition and fire behavior to diurnal cycle of temp and RH.

Front 5

Relative Humidity
Rule of Thumb

Back 5

The vapor required for saturation:
-20*F Increase in Temp: Doubles
-20*F Decrease in Temp:
Halves
-20*F

Front 6

Dew Point

Back 6

The temp to which air must be cooled to reach its saturation point at constant pressure

Front 7

Vapor Pressure

Back 7

The partial pressure of total atmospheric pressure due to water vapor

Front 8

Saturation vapor pressure

Back 8

The vapor pressure when air is saturated

Front 9

Atmospheric Stability

Back 9

Resistance of the atmosphere to vertical motion. Can greatly affect fire behavior

Front 10

Determining the degree of atmospheric stability by comparing:

Back 10

Temperature Lapse Rate to
Adiabatic Rate

Front 11

Lapse Rate

Back 11

Change in temp with altitude

Front 12

Adiabatic

Back 12

absence of heat transfer

Front 13

Atmospheric Stability
3 Lapse rates:

Back 13

1.Dry
2.Moist
3.Average

Front 14

Environmental Lapse Rate

Back 14

Measured Vertical Temp Profile
May or may not be the same as tthe dry adiabatic lapse rate

Front 15

Unstable Atmosphere encourages:

Back 15

Vertical movement of air

Front 16

Unstable atmosphere tends to increase:(6)

Back 16

1.Fire Activity
2.Fire whirlwinds
3.gusty surface winds
4.height and strength of convection colums
5.Fire brands lift
6.improvement of air quality

Front 17

Atmosperic stability
STABLE:

Back 17

UP:Relatively Warm
DOWN:Relatively Cool

Front 18

Stable:(5)

Back 18

1.Clouds in Layers
2.Stratus Clouds
3.Smoke Column lifts apart after limited rise
4.Poor Visibility
5.Steady Winds

Front 19

Atmospheric Stability
UNSTABLE:

Back 19

UP:Relatively Cool
Down:Relatively warm

Front 20

Unstable:(5)

Back 20

1.Clouds grow vertically, smoke rises to great heights
2.Cumulus Clouds
3.Upward & downward mvmts/gusty winds
4.Good visibility
5.Dust whirls

Front 21

Haines Index

Back 21

Lower Atmosphere Stability Index

Front 22

Inversion

Back 22

1.Layer of very stable aor
2.Temp increases w/ altitude
3.Smoke rises until temp = surrounding air
4.After temp =surrounding air, smoke flattens and spreads horizontally

Front 23

Thermal belt

Back 23

zone of nighttime temps near the top of the inversion

Front 24

Keetch-Byram Drought Index

Back 24

Mathmatical system for relating current and recent weather to potential fire behavior

Front 25

Prescribed Burning

Back 25

Fire applied in a knowledgeable manner to fuels on a specific land area under selected weather conditions to accomplish predetermined, welldefined management objectives
*All controlled burns are controlled until the match is struck

Front 26

Prescribed Natural Fire

Back 26

Fire of natural origin
allowed to burn as long as it is accomplishing ONE ore more mgmt objectives. Private property is saved.

Front 27

Prescribed Natural Fire
Sometimes called:

Back 27

Let burn fires
or
contentious

Front 28

Prescribed Burning Objectives:

Back 28

1.Fire Reduction
2.Preparation of seedbeds/disposal of logging debris
3.Controlling interspecific competition
4.improvement of grazing
5.wildlife management
6.recreation management
7.accessibility
8.Low thinning
9.pest control
10.perpetuate fire-dependent species

Front 29

Prescribed Burning Weather:

Back 29

1.Wind
2.Relative Humidity
3.Temperature
4.Fine Fuel Moisture

Front 30

Prescribed Burning
WIND:

Back 30

Ideally steady speed and direction
Backfires->High wind
Headfires->Med-low wind

Front 31

Prescribed Burning
RELATIVE HUMIDITY:

Back 31

Preferable RANGE 30-50%
Below range: spotting
Above range: objectives may not be achieved

Front 32

Prescribed Burning
TEMPERATURE:
Winter burning
Summer burning

Back 32

Winter 20-50*F
Summer 80-95*F

Front 33

Prescribed Burning
FINE FUEL MOISTURE

Back 33

7-20%
percentage should be closer to the max when fuel loads are HIGH

Front 34

Prescribed Burning Methods
BACKFIRE:

Back 34

1.backing fire into wind
2.be started along prepared baseline
3.proceeds 1-3 ch/hr
4.safest fire
5.minimal crown scorch
6.need stronger winds to diddipate heat
7.likely to escape if wind changes direction
8.quickly ignite large areas
9.High cost if intereior lines plowed
10.infexible after interior lines are plowed

Front 35

Prescribed Burning Methods
STRIP-HEAD BACKFIRE:

Back 35

1.setting fires with wind so no firelines can get too intense before hitting a firebreak or another fireline
2.Fastest Method
3.strips 1-3 chains apart
4.Normally use combo of
strip-head and backfire
5.in light fuels one head fire allowed to burn accross area
6.used in most fuels EXCEPT heavy rough
7.can b used in FLAT FUELS such as hardwood leaves
8.fuel moisture 10-20%
9.brownspot control
10.cheapest
11.flexible
12.promotes scorching

Front 36

Prescribed Burning Methods
FLANK FIRE:

Back 36

1.Lines set to burn outward @ Right angles
2.Used to secure flanks of other type fires
3.fuels light-med
4.fast area ignition
5.fewer plowlines
6.crew coordination impt

Front 37

Prescribed Burning Methods
SPOT FIRE:

Back 37

1.Exp required
2.series of small spot fires burn tog from all dir
3.timing and spacing critical to success
4.used later in the day
5.2x2 grid
6.fuels high-med
7.winds light and variable
8.fast ignition

Front 38

Prescribed Burning Methods
CHEVRON BURN:

Back 38

1.used in hilly terrain to fire ridge points or ridge ends
2.lines of fire started simutaneously down ridge
3.burns as mirror image of wildfire burning uphill

Front 39

Prescribed Burning Methods
CENTER & CIRCULAR RING FIRE:

Back 39

1.Used for slash disposal in clearcuts
2.high heat intensity generated
3.Base control line downwind and on flanks required
4.sometimes started in center to drw ring fire then ring fire lit
5.weather conditions not crucial

Front 40

Drip torch for lighting by hand

Back 40

3-4 parts deisal
one part gas

Front 41

Smoke Management Guidelines:

Back 41

1.Have defensible objectives
2.obtain/use weather forecasts
3.dont burn during polution alerts
4.comply w/air pol cont regs
5.burn during good conditions afor rapid dispersal
6.caution upwind smoke sensitive areas
7.notify residents and autorities
8.Backfires when pos
9.burn in sm blocks
10.mopup alon rds
11.caution in nightime burns
12.emergency plan

Front 42

Good things to know when manageing smoke:
Transport wind definition:

Back 42

avg wind speed and direction in the mixed layer above the surface of the earth

Front 43

Good things to know when manageing smoke:
Transport wind Purpose:

Back 43

to determine how quickly smoke will disperse horizontally

Front 44

Good things to know when manageing smoke:
MIXING HEIGHT DEF

Back 44

the height of the vertical mixing of the air and suspended particles above the ground

Front 45

Good things to know when manageing smoke:
MIXING HIGHT APPLICATION

Back 45

approx height to which a smoke plume will rise

Front 46

Good things to know when manageing smoke:
DISPERSION INDEX DEF

Back 46

numerical index that estimates the atmospheres capacity to disperse smoke

Front 47

Good things to know when manageing smoke:
DISPERSION INDEX PURPOSE

Back 47

assist burners in smoke mgmt

Front 48

Good things to know when manageing smoke:
VENTILATION RATE

Back 48

ventilation rate=transport wind speed (MPH)x Mixing height(ft)